PSY 110 1st Edition Lecture 22 Outline of Last Lecture I. Insight TherapiesII. Relationship TherapiesIII. Biomedical TherapiesOutline of Current Lecture I. ConsciousnessCurrent LectureConsciousness: Everything of which we are aware at any given timeCircadian Rhythms: Regular fluctuation from high to low points of certain bodily functions and behaviorswithin a 24-hour cycle- Regulate all vital life functions- Cycle of sleep and wakefulness- More than 100 bodily functions and behaviors follow circadian rhythms- The ebb and flow of consciousness- Part biological, part environmental- Three important components of circadian rhythm:o Body temperatureo Lighto AlertnessSuprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN): Body’s biological alarm clock- Structure in the hypothalamus- Controls timing of circadian rhythms- Signals pineal gland to secrete or suppress melatoninSubjective Night: Time during a 24-hour period when the biological alarm clock tells a person to go to sleepRestorative Theory of Sleep: Function of sleep is to restore body and mind; restoration of energy and consolidation of memory occur during sleepThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Circadian Theory of Sleep: Sleep evolved to keep humans out of harm’s way during the night; also known as evolutionary or adaptive theoryStage 1 Sleep: Transition from waking to sleeping; irregular waves with occasional alpha wavesStage 2 Sleep: Transition from light to deeper sleep; sleep spindles (waves with alternating periods of calm and flashes of intense activity) appearStage 3 Sleep: Deeper sleep; slow-wave sleep begins when EEG shows that 20% of brain waves are delta wavesStage 4 Sleep: Deepest sleep; stage 4 sleep begins when 50% of waves are delta wavesREM: Rapid eye movement sleep- Brain is highly active- Epinephrine is released into the systemo BP riseso Heart rate and respiration become faster and less regular- Most vivid dreams occur during REM- REM sleep may be critical to consolidation of memories- REM rebound: increase in REM sleep after REM deprivationVariations in Sleep:- Infants/Young Childreno Sleep the longesto Have largest percentage of REM and slow-wave sleepo Most erratic sleep patterns- Children from 6 to pubertyo Sleep besto Most consistent sleepers and wakers- Adolescentso Sleep patterns influenced by scheduleso Insufficient sleep may contribute to poor school performance- Older Adultso More difficulty falling asleep; sleep more lightlyo Spend less time asleep while lying in bedParasomnia: Behaviors and physiological states that normally occur only in the waking state take place during sleepEX) sleepwalking somnambulism, sleeptalking somniloquyDyssomnia: Sleep disorder in which the timing, quantity, or quality of sleep is impairedEX) narcolepsy, sleep apneaREM Dreams: More visual, vivid, and emotional than NREM dreams; have a story-like qualityNREM Dreams: Occur during NREM sleep; less frequent and memorable than REM dreamsLucid Dreaming: Dreamer is aware he/she is dreaming; set of techniques that enable dreamers to control the content of their dreamsManifest Content: Content of a dream as recalled by the dreamerLatent Content: The underlying meaning of a dreamCognitive Theory: Dreaming is thinking while we are asleepActivation-Synthesis Theory: Dreams are the brain’s attempt to make sense of the random firing of braincells during REM sleepEvolutionary Theory: Vivid REM dreams enable people to rehearse skills needed to deal with threatening eventsControlled Substances: Approved for medical useIllicit Substances: Illegal drugsSubstance Abuse: Continued use of a substance that negatively affects an individual’s work, education, and social relationshipsDrug Tolerance: Becomes less affected by drug, needs more for same effectWithdrawal Symptoms: Physical and psychological symptoms that arise when use is discontinuedStimulants: Speed up activity in the central nervous systemDepressants: Decrease activity in the central nervous systemHallucinogens: Alter and distort perceptions of time and
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