PSY 110 1st Edition Lecture 17 Outline of Last Lecture I. Group InfluenceII. AttitudesIII. Prosocial BehaviorIV. Prejudice and DiscriminationOutline of Current Lecture I. Psychoanalytic TheoriesII. Humanistic TheoriesIII. Trait TheoriesCurrent Lecture Psychoanalytic TheoriesPersonality: Characteristic patterns of behaving, thinking, and feelingPsychoanalysis: Thoery and therapy that focuses on unconscious processesFreud’s Theory of Personality: 3 levels of consciousness- Consciouso What we are aware of at any given momento Thoughts, feelings, sensations, or memorieso The ego- Preconsciouso Memories we are not aware of but can easily bring to mindo The superego- Unconsciouso Repressed memories, instincts, wishes, desireso Have never been consciouso The idId: Contains life and death instincts and operates according to the pleasure principleEgo: The logical, rational part of personality and operates according to the reality principleSuperego: Moral system of personality and consists of conscience and ego idealThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Defense Mechanism: Used by the ego to maintain self-esteem and defend against anxiety created by conflict between the id and superego- All individuals use defense mechanisms- Overuse can lead to psychological problems- Repression is the most commonly used mechanism Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development: The sex instinct is an important factor influencing personality- Develops through a series of stages- Each stage involves the erogenous zone and conflict- If conflict is not resolved  child develops a fixation- A portion of libido remains invested at that stage- Central theme of phallic stage is controversial- Love of opposite-sex parento Oedipus complex: boyso Electra complex: girlsPsychosexual Stages of Development:1. Oral Stage- Birth to 1 year- Conflict: weaning- Fixation can lead to dependency and passivity or sarcasm and hostility2. Anal Stage- 1 to 3 years of age- Conflict: toilet training- Fixation can lead to excessive cleanliness and stinginess or messiness and rebelliousness3. Phallic Stage- 3 to 5 or 6 years- Conflict: Oedipus complex- Fixation can lead to flirtatiousness and promiscuity or excessive pride and chastity4. Latency Stage- 5 or 6 years to puberty- Period of sexual calm5. Genital Stage- Puberty and beyond- Revival of sexual interests- Fixation at this stage may lead to sexual dysfunctionsPros of Freud’s Theory:- Recognized importance of childhood experiences and family in shaping personality- Identified role of defense mechanisms- Called attention to the unconsciousCons of Freud’s Theory:- People do not typically repress painful memories- Dreams do not have symbolic meaning- Freud’s ideas are difficult to test scientifically - Too much emphasis on sex and sexualityCarl Jung: Neo-Freudian- Sexual instinct is not the main factor in personality- Felt that personality was not almost completely formed in early childhood- Archetypes: Inherited tendencies to respond to universal human situations; contained in the collective unconscious- Ego: The conscious component of personality; carries out normal daily activities- Personal Unconscious: Component containing all the individual’s memories, thoughts, and feelings that are accessible to consciousness, and all repressed memories, wishes, and impulses; similar to combination of Freud’s preconscious and unconscious- Collective Unconscious: The most inaccessible layer of the unconscious shared by all people; contains the universal experiences of humankind, as well as archetypesAlfred Adler: Neo-Freudian- Predominant force of personality is not sexual in nature- Emphasized unity of personality- The drive to overcome feelings of inferiority motivates most human behavior- Theory is referred to as individual psychologyKaren Horney: Neo-Freudian- Work centered on 2 main themes:o Neurotic personalityo Feminine psychology- Rejected Freud’s psychosexual stages, the Oedipus complex, and penis envy- Women’s difficulties arise from the failure to live up to idealized versions of themselves- For their own psychological health, women and men must overcome irrational beliefs about the need for perfection- Her influence can be seen in modern cognitive-behavioral therapy Humanistic TheoriesHumanistic Psychology: People have a natural tendency toward growth and realization of their fullest potential- Humanistic theories are more optimistic about human nature than Freud’s- Humanistic theories are difficult to test scientificallyMaslow’s Theory: Proposed a hierarchy of needs that motivates behavior to reach the highest need (self-actualization)Self-Actualizers: Seek to devote life to greater good- Tend not to depend on external authority- Are internally driven, autonomous, and independent- Frequently have peak experiencesPeak Experiences: Experiences of deep meaning, insight, and harmony within themselves and with the universeRoger’s Theory: In efforts to gain positive regard, we deny the true self- Conditions of Worth: conditions on which positive regard depends- Conditions of worth force us to live according to someone else’s valuesPerson-Centered Therapy: Therapist gives client unconditional positive regard- Goal is to enable people to live by their own values- Unqualified caring and nonjudgmental acceptance- Brings the person back in tune with selfSelf-Esteem: How one thinks of him-/herself- Variations in self-esteem can arise from comparisons of actual to desired traits- Self-esteem is fairly stable from childhood through late adulthood- By age 7, most children have global self-esteem- To develop high self-esteem, children need to:o Experience success in domains they view as importanto Be encouraged by parents, teachers, and peers to value themselvesGlobal Self-Esteem: Judgments come from both actual experiences and information provided by others Trait TheoriesTrait: Personal characteristic that is stable across situations; used to describe or explain personalityAllport’s Theory: Proposed two kinds of traits- Cardinal Traits: So pervasive that almost every act can be traced to their influence- Central Traits: Traits which we would “mention in writing a careful letter of recommendation”Cattell’s Theory: Two kinds of traits- Surface Traits: The observable qualities of personality- Source Traits: