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ISU PSY 110 - Learning I
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PSY 110 1st Edition Lecture 6 Outline of Last Lecture I. Hearing and BalanceII. Smell, Taste, and TouchIII. Influences on AttentionIV. Principles of PerceptionV. Unusual Perceptual ExperiencesOutline of Current Lecture I. Classical ConditioningII. Operant ConditioningCurrent Lecture Classical ConditioningLearning: a relatively permanent change in behavior, knowledge, capability, or attitude- Acquired through experience- Cannot be attributed to illness, injury, or maturationClassical Conditioning: a type of learning through which an organism learns to associate one stimulus with another- Stimulus- any event or object in the environment to which an organism responds- Also called Pavlovian conditioning**classical conditioning was an accidental discovery by Russian physiologist Ivan PavlovUnconditioned Stimulus (US): elicits unconditioned (involuntary) response without learningEX) food, loud noise, light in eye, puff of air in eyeUnconditioned Response (UR): response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without learningEX) salivation, startle, contraction of pupil, blinkingThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Conditioned Stimulus (CS): originally a neutral stimulus, but after repeated pairing with US, the stimulus becomes associate with it- Elicits a conditioned responseEX) a toneConditioned Response (CR): learned response elicited by CS in response to stimuli (like a tone)Extinction: weakening and disappearance of CR as a result of repeated presentation of CS without USEX) when tone is presented in the absence of food repeatedlySpontaneous Recovery: reappearance of extinguished CR when organism is exposed to CS following rest periodGeneralization: tendency to make a CR to a stimulus that is similar to the original CSEX) give dog food every time it hears an A originally, start playing other notes, it will still salivateDiscrimination: learned ability to distinguish between similar stimuli- CR occurs only in response to the original CS, not to similar stimuliEX) give dog food every time it hears an A, but not when it hears other notes  will only salivate when it hears AWatson and Rayner (1920)  “Little Albert” Study:- Child was classically conditioned to fear a rat- Conditioned fears persist and modify personality throughout lifePavlov and Watson- Critical element of classical conditioning is the pairing of CS and USRobert Rescorla- Critical element is whether the CS provides info that enables the organism to reliably predict the occurrence of the US- Demonstrates a cognitive component of the conditioning processBiological Predispositions: genetically programmed tendencies to acquire classically conditioned fear responses to potentially life-threatening stimuliTaste Aversion: the intense dislike and/or avoidance of particular foods that have been associated with nausea or discomfort- Biologically adaptive for survival**Chemotherapy patients are recommended to eat plain, novel foods before receiving treatment so that they don’t condition themselves to have a taste aversion Operant Conditioning**important people: Thorndike and SkinnerLaw of Effect (Thorndike): Consequence of response determines the tendency to respond in thesame way in the future- Strengthened or weakened- Organisms tend to repeat behaviors the bring about “pleasant consequences” (rewards)- Formed the basis for B.F. Skinner’s work on operant conditioningOperant Conditioning: Consequences of behavior are manipulated to increase or decrease frequency of an existing response or shape a new oneOperant: voluntary behavior that accidentally brings about a consequenceReinforcer: follows a response and strengthens it or increases the probability that it will occurPunisher: follows a response and decreases probability that it will occurShaping: learning in small steps rather than all at once- Rewarding successive approximations of desired response- Used to condition complex behaviors in people and other animalsSkinner Box: a soundproof chamber with a device for delivering food to an animal subject used in operant conditioning experimentsDiscriminative Stimulus: stimulus that signals whether a response or behavior is likely to be rewarded, ignored, or punishedEX) children misbehaving in presence of grandparentsReinforcement: any event that follows a response and strengthens or increases the probability that the response will be repeated- Positive Reinforcement: a pleasant or desirable “consequence” after responseo Increases probability that the response will be repeatedEX) continue buying lottery tickets after winning $5 on a scratch off ticket- Negative Reinforcement: termination of an unpleasant condition after a responseo Increases probability that the response will be repeatedo NOT the same thing as punishmentPrimary Reinforcer: a reinforcer fulfills a basic physical need and does not depend on learningEX) food, water, sleep, sexSecondary Reinforcer: a reinforcer that is acquired or learned through association with other reinforcersEX) money, praise, good gradeSchedule of Reinforcement: a systematic process for administering reinforcement- Ratio: a behavior brings about reinforcement- Interval: a time period must pass before reinforcer is administeredFixed-Ratio (FR): the reinforcer is given after a fixed number of correct, nonreinforced responsesEX) reward card from a restaurant or storeVariable-Ratio (VR): the reinforcer is given after a varying number of nonreinforced responsesEX) slot machineFixed-Interval (FI): the reinforcer is given in response to the first correct response after a specific period of time has elapsedEX) weekly examVariable-Interval (VI): the reinforcer is given after first correct response following a varying period of timeEX) pop quizzes at unspecified time


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