PSY 110 1st Edition Lecture 14 Outline of Last Lecture I. Ainsworth and AttachmentII. Parenting StylesIII. Language DevelopmentIV. Gender Role DevelopmentV. AdolescenceVI. Early and Middle AdulthoodVII. Late Adulthood Outline of Current Lecture I. MotivationII. Hunger DrivesIII. Behavioral and Social Cognitive MotivationIV. EmotionCurrent Lecture MotivationMotivation: Processes that initiate, direct, and sustain behavior- Initiate: get behavior started- Direct: supervise and control behavior- Sustain: continue for an extended period of timeMotive: Energizes and directs behavior toward goalsFoundations of Motivation:- Activation: first step toward goal- Persistence: work toward goal despite obstacles- Intensity: energy and attention applied to achieve goalThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Biological Drives to Motivation:- Instincts: fixed behavior patterns characteristic of every member of a specieso Assumed to be genetically programmedEX) spiders spinning webs, birds migrating- Primary Drives: internal state that directs our behavior toward fulfilling specific needso States of tension or arousalo UnlearnedEX) hunger, thirst, sexDrive-Reduction Theory: A need gives rise to an internal state of tension or arousal called a drive, and the person or organism is motivated to reduce it- Biological needs must be met- Homeostasis: Natural tendency of the body to maintain a balanced internal state to ensure physical survival- Drive is created to restore balance**Makes an assumption that humans are always motivated to reduce tensionArousal Theory: People are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal- Derived from concept of homeostasis- State of alertness and mental and physical activation- If not at the right level, body does something to stimulate it- Stimulus Motives: increase stimulation when arousal is too lowEX) curiosity, motive to explore, to manipulate objects, and to playYerkes-Dodson Principle: Performance is best when arousal is appropriate to the difficulty of the task Hunger Drives**When someone experiences excessive food avoidance or over consumption  dysfunctions in brain’s feeding/satiety systemHypothalamus and Feeding:- Lateral Hypothalamus (LH): feeding center; incites eating- Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH): satiety (fullness) center; inhibits eating- Changes in blood sugar also contribute to hunger/satiety- Recent research suggests that the hunger/satiety center model is too simplisticFactors That Inhibit Eating:Biological:- Activity in VMH- Raised blood glucose- Full stomach- CCK (hormone that signals fullness)- Sensory-specific satietyEnvironmental:- Unappetizing smell, taste, or appearance of food- Developed taste aversions- Learning eating habits- Desire to be thin- Reactions to stressFactors That Stimulate Eating:Biological:- Activity in LH- Low blood glucose levels- Increase in insulin- Stomach contractions- Empty stomachEnvironmental:- Appetizing smell, taste, or appearance of food- Food preferences- Being around others that are eating- Food high in fat and sugar- Learned eating habits- Reaction to boredom, stress, or negative emotional stateBody Weight and Obesity:Heredity is associated with variations in BMI- 74% of identical twin pairs and 32% of fraternal twins had similar body weightsGenes Influence:- Metabolic rate- Number of fat cellsSet Point Theory: An individual is genetically programmed to carry a certain amount of body weightBMI: Measure of weight relative to height- BMI < 18.5 is underweight- BMI > 25 is overweightObesity: Having too much body fat and being excessively overweight- More than 1/3 of adults are obese- Most obese persons require a doctor’s supervision with diet due to health problems- Gastric bypass may be the only effective alternative for some obese peopleAnorexia Nervosa: Overwhelming, irrational fear of gaining weight or becoming fat- Compulsive dieting to point of starvation- Excessive weight loss- Risk factors include:o Being overly worried about physical appearanceo Feeling social pressure to be thino OCDBulimia Nervosa: Binging and purging- Binge Eating: the consumption of much larger amounts of food than most people eat during the same period and feeling that one cannot stop eating or control the amount eaten- Purging: self-induced vomiting and/or the use of large quantities of laxatives and diuretics- Excessive dieting and exercising- Causes of the disorder are not well understood- High rates of OCD and self-injurious behaviorSexual Desire and Arousal:Excitement Phase  Plateau Phase  Orgasm  Resolution Phase**In men, there is a 5th phase called Refractory Period in which they cannot reach orgasm again until they reach the Refractory periodGender Differences:Males have smaller parental investment  men seek partners with high reproductive capacity Females have greater investment in parenting  females choose mates who are stable and provide the family protection Behavioral and Social Cognitive MotivationSocial Motivation: Acquired through experience and interaction with others and influences our behaviorin social situationsWork Motivation: Arousal, direction, magnitude, and maintenance of effort on the job- Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychologists: develop behavior modification plans that work to reinforce desirable behaviorEX) supervisor praise, bonuses, extra time offGoal Setting: Supervisors provide employees with specific, difficult goals- Higher level of performanceWays to enhance employees’ commitment to a goal:- Employee participates in goal-setting- Makes goals specific, attractive, difficult, and attainable- Provide feedback on performance- Reward employee for attaining goalsIntrinsic Motivation: Activity pursued as an end in itself because it is enjoyable and rewardingExtrinsic Motivation: Activity pursued to gain an external reward or to avoid undesirable consequencesAchievement Motivation: Factors that move people to seek success in academic settings- Need to accomplish something difficult- Perform at a high standard of excellence- High Need for Achievement:o Self-determined goalso Goals linked to perceived abilitieso Realistic- Low Need for Achievement:o Motivated more by fear of