PSY 110 1st EditionFinal Exam Study GuideChapter 1What is psychology?The scientific study of behavior and mental processesWhat are the goals of psychology?1. Description2. Explanation3. Prediction4. InfluenceWhat is behaviorism?The study of behavior because behavior is observable and measurableWhat is psychoanalysis?Human mental life is like an iceberg; humans do not control their thoughts, feelings, and behaviorWhat is humanistic psychology?It focuses on the uniqueness of human beings and their capacity for growth, choice, and psychological healthWhat is positive psychology?The scientific study of psychological characteristics (ex. optimism) that enable individuals and communities to thrive in the face of adversityWhat is cognitive psychology?It sees humans as active participants who:- Seek out experiences- Alter and shape experiences- Use mental processes to transform info in the course of their own cognitive developmentWhat is evolutionary psychology?It focuses on how human behaviors required for survival have adapted when faced with environmental pressures through evolutionWhat is biological psychology?Looks for links between specific behaviors and particular biological factors that often help explain individual differencesWhat is sociocultural psychology?It emphasizes social and cultural influences on human behavior and stresses the importance of understanding those influences when interpreting the behavior of others.What is the systems perspective?Multiple factors work together holistically.What is the behavior perspective?Environmental factors influence usWhat is the psychoanalytic perspective?Emotions, unconscious motivation, and early childhood experiences influence usWhat is the humanistic perspective?Subjective experiences and intrinsic motivation to achieve self-actualization influence usWhat is the cognitive perspective?Mental processes influence usWhat is the evolutionary perspective?Inherited traits that enhance adaptability influence usWhat is the biological perspective?Biological structures, processes, and heredity influence usWhat is the sociocultural perspective?Social and cultural variables influence usWhat is correlation?A mutual relationship or connection between two or more thingsWhat is the placebo effect?A participant’s response to the treatment is due to his or her expectations about the treatment rather than to the treatment itselfWhat is random assignment?Selecting participants using a chance procedure or random number generator to guarantee that each participant has an equal probability of being chosenWhat is an independent variable?The variable that the researcher believes causes a change in some other variableWhat is a dependent variable?The variable that is changed or affected by the independent variableWhat is a control group?It is exposed to the same experimental environment as the experimental group, but not given the treatmentWhat is the double-blind technique?Neither the participants nor the researchers know who is getting what treatmentChapter 2What is a neuron?A specialized cell that conducts impulses through the nervous systemWhat are neurotransmitters?Chemicals that facilitate or inhibit the transmission of impulses from one neuron to the nextWhat is a cell body/soma?It contains the nucleus and carries out metabolic functions of the neuronWhat are dendrites?The primary receivers of signals from other neuronsWhat is an axon?The slender, tail-like extension of the neuron that sprouts into many branchesWhat are axon terminals?Bulbs at the ends of axons to send neurotransmitters What is the hindbrain?It controls heart rate, respiration, BP, coughing, and swallowing (and many other vital functions)What is the midbrain?It acts primarily as the relay station between the hindbrain and forebrainWhat is the forebrain?The largest part of the brain; where cognitive and motor functions are controlled (planning, memory, logic, self-awareness, organization, etc.)What is the frontal lobe?It contains the motor cortex and Broca’s area; accomplishes executive processing, personality function, voluntary body movement, learning, cognitive events, and speech productionWhat is the parietal lobe?Lies directly behind the frontal lobe. Involves the reception and processing of touch stimuli and includes the somatosensory cortex.What is the temporal lobe?Involves reception and interpretation of auditory stimuli; it contains the primary auditory cortexand Wernicke’s area. It receives sound inputs from both ears and registers them in the cerebral cortexWhat is the occipital lobe?The region of the brain that interprets visual infoWhat is plasticity?The capacity of the brain to adapt to changeChapter 3What is sensation?The process through which senses pick up visual, auditory, and other sensory stimuli and transmits them to the brainWhat is perception?The process by which the brain actively organizes and interprets sensory informationWhat is inattentional blindness?A phenomenon where we shift our focus from one object to another and fail to notice changes in objects to which we are not directly paying attentionWhat is the cocktail party phenomenon?Auditory attention focuses on info that is personally meaningfulWhat is bottom-up processing?Info driven processing in which individual components or bits of data are combined until a complete perception is formedWhat is top-down processing?Info processing where previous experience and conceptual knowledge are applied to recognize the whole of a perception and thus easily identify the simpler elements of the wholeChapter 4What is the restorative theory?The function of sleep is to restore the body and mind; restoration of energy and consolidation of memory occur during sleepWhat is the circadian theory?Sleep evolved to keep humans out of harm’s way at nightWhat is the psychodynamic theory?Manifest and latent content are key componentsWhat is the difference between manifest and latent content?Manifest content is content of a dream as recalled by the dreamer, whereas latent content is theunderlying meaning of a dreamWhat is the cognitive theory?Dreaming is thinking while we’re asleepWhat is meditation?It is used to control emotions and lower BPChapter 5What is classical conditioning?A type of learning through which an organism learns to associate one stimulus with anotherWhat is an unconditioned stimulus?It elicits an unconditioned response without learningWhat is an unconditioned response?Response elicited by