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ISU PSY 110 - Development II
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PSY 110 1st Edition Lecture 13 Outline of Last Lecture I. Theories of DevelopmentII. Prenatal Development and InfancyOutline of Current Lecture I. Ainsworth and AttachmentII. Parenting StylesIII. Language DevelopmentIV. Gender Role DevelopmentV. AdolescenceVI. Early and Middle AdulthoodVII. Late AdulthoodCurrent Lecture Ainsworth & AttachmentAt 6-8 months of age, human infants exhibit:- Separation Anxiety: fear and distress shown when parent leaves- Stranger Anxiety: fear of strangersSecure Attachment: Distressed by separation from caregivers, greet caregivers when they return- About 65% of infants- Use mother as a secure base for exploring- Display better social skills as preschool children- Best kind of attachment to have (healthiest)Avoidant Attachment: Not responsive to mother or troubled when she leaves- About 20% of infants- May actively avoid contact with mother after separationResistant Attachment: After separation, may display anger towards mother; not easily comforted- About 10-15% of infants- Seek close contact with motherThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Tend not to branch out and explore- Difficult to comfortDisorganized/Disoriented Attachment: Exhibit contradictory and disoriented behavior when reunited- About 5-10% of infants- Protest separation- No clear self-soothing strategy Parenting StylesAuthoritarian Parents- Arbitrary rules- Expect unquestioning obedience to authorityOutcomes: children tend to be withdrawn, anxious, and unhappyAuthoritative Parents- Set high but realistic standards- Enforce limits- Encourage open communication and independenceOutcomes: children tend to be happier and have higher self-esteem. More self-reliant, socially competent, responsiblePermissive Parents- Few rules or demands- Children make their own decisions and control their own behaviorOutcomes: children are immature, impulsive, and dependent. Least self-reliant and self-controlled of the three subtypes.Rejecting-Neglecting Parents- Parents are uninvolved- Uninterested in relationship- Emotionally detached- Inconsistent or no boundariesOutcomes: children are detached or unmotivated. Grow up to be socially incompetent and potentially destructive.Language Development**Children must acquire language in the first 2 years of life; otherwise, their ability to learn it is impairedPhases of Language Development:1. Cooinga. Repeatedly uttering vowel soundsb. “ooo” or “ahhh”c. Occurs between 2-3 months, could be earlier2. Babblinga. Vocalization of basic speech sounds (phonemes)b. Between 4-6 months of agec. Around 8 months, limit babbling to sounds of their native tongue3. One-Word Stagea. Age 1 yearb. Words represent objects that move or that infants can act onc. Overextension: point to objects and misname them (similar to assimilation)d. Underextension: only applying terms to one specific thing (call their mother “mom” but don’t understand that other children call their moms the same thing)4. Telegraphic Speecha. Ages 2-3b. Short sentences containing only essential content wordsc. Reflects understanding of syntaxd. Overregularization: misapplying a grammatical ruleEX) mooses instead of moose, goed instead of went, mouses instead of mice, etc. Gender Role DevelopmentBiological Theory: Prenatal and sex hormones influence developmentSocial Learning Theory: Environment is more important than biological forces- Modeling and reinforcement for gender behaviorCognitive Developmental Theory: Development in stages- Gender identity, gender stability, and gender constancyGender-Schema Theory: Desire to maintain self-esteem directs child toward culturally defined gender roles AdolescencePuberty: A period of rapid physical growth and change- Culminates in sexual maturity- On average, age 10 for girls; age 12 for boys- Appearance of secondary sex characteristicsEarly Maturation in Boys:- Advantages in sports- More success academically- Greater aggression and hostilityEarly Maturation in Girls:- More self-conscious over developing body- Earlier sexual experiences  more unwanted pregnancies- Earlier exposure to alcohol and drug useSocial Development- Most adolescents have good relationships with their parents- A good relationship with parents is important for psychological development- *peer groups become more important to adolescents*- Parenting style affects adolescent behavior o Authoritative is most effectiveo Permissive is least effectiveo Authoritarian somewhere in middle?- Peer groups provide adolescents with:o Emotional supporto Assistance in identity formation (cliques)o Standards of comparisono Vehicle for developing social skillsEmerging Adulthood: period from late teens to early 20’s- Explore options prior to committing to adult roles- Develop new skills in work- Must address developmental tasks in 5 domains:o Academic, friendship, conduct, work, romantico Emerging adults struggle more with work and romantic tasksNeuroimaging Studies: the parts of the brain involved in decision making and self-control continue to mature through the early/mid 20’s Early and Middle AdulthoodEarly: roughly age 25-45Middle: roughly age 45-65Late: 65 and abovePhysical and Cognitive Changes:- After age 30, slight decline in physical capabilities- Presbyopia: lens of the eye no longer accommodates adequately for near vision- Menopause: signifies end of reproductive capacity in womeno Usually occurs between 45 and 55- Gradual decline in testosterone in men (beginning at ~20 years, continuing until about 60)- Task performance differenceso Young Adult- tasks requiring speed or rote memoryo Older Adult- general info, vocab, reasoning, ability, and social judgment- Two types of intelligence:o Crystalized Intelligence- verbal ability and accumulated knowledge; increases over life spano Fluid Intelligence- abstract reasoning and mental flexibility; peaks in early 20s and declines slowly as people ageSocial Development:- Living Arrangementso ½ of all US households are headed by a married couple; the other half have different arrangementso more cohabitating- Marriage and Divorceo 80% of Americans will marry at least onceo Marriage is associated with many physical and psychological benefits- Parenthoodo Age of marriage is


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