DOC PREVIEW
ISU PSY 110 - Exam 2 Study Guide
Type Study Guide
Pages 9

This preview shows page 1-2-3 out of 9 pages.

Save
View full document
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 9 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 9 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 9 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 9 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience

Unformatted text preview:

PSY 110 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 6 - 11Lecture 6 (September 17)What is Learning?A relatively permanent change in behavior, knowledge, capability, or attitude acquired through experience.What is Classical Conditioning? What are its components?A type of learning where an organism learns to associate one stimulus with another. The components are Unconditioned Stimulus (US), Unconditioned Response (UR), Conditioned Stimulus (CS), and Conditioned Response (CR).What is an unconditioned stimulus?It elicits an unconditioned (involuntary) response without learning.What is an unconditioned response?A response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without learning.What is a conditioned stimulus?Something that was originally a neutral stimulus (didn’t affect the organism), but after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, the stimulus becomes associated with it.What is a conditioned response?A learned response elicited by a conditioned stimulus in response to stimuli.What is extinction?The weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response as a result of repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.What is spontaneous recovery?The reappearance of the extinguished conditioned response when an organism is exposed to the conditioned stimulus following the rest period.What is generalization?The tendency to make a conditioned response into a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus.What is discrimination?The learned ability to distinguish between similar stimuli.What is taste aversion?The intense dislike and/or avoidance of particular foods that have been associated with nausea or discomfort.What is Operant Conditioning? Who is associated with operant conditioning?Consequences of behavior are manipulated to increase or decrease the frequency of an existing response or shape a new one. B.F. Skinner and Thorndike are associated with operant conditioning.What is a reinforcer?Something that follows a response and strengthens it or increases the probability that it will occur.What is a punisher?Something that follows a response and decreases the probability that it will occur.What is shaping?Learning in small steps rather than all at once.What is a discriminative stimulus?A stimulus that signals whether a response or behavior is likely to be rewarded, ignored, or punished.What is reinforcement? What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?Any event that follows a response and strengthens or increases the probability that the response will be repeated. Positive reinforcement is when something pleasant is added toreinforce the response whereas negative reinforcement is when something unpleasant is taken away to reinforce behavior.What is a primary reinforcer? What is a secondary reinforcer?A primary reinforcer is a reinforcer that fulfills a basic physical need and does not depend on learning. A secondary reinforcer is a reinforcer that is acquired or learned through association with other reinforcers.What is a schedule of reinforcement? What are the two types?A systematic process for administering reinforcement. The two types are ratio and interval.What is the difference between ratio and interval?Ratio is a behavior that brings about reinforcement, whereas interval is where a time period must pass before the reinforcer is administered.What is the difference between fixed-ration (FR) and variable-ratio (VR)?In fixed-ratio reinforcement, the reinforcer is given after a fixed number of correct, nonreinforced responses. In variable-ratio reinforcement, the reinforcer is given after a varying number of nonreinforced responses.What is the difference between fixed-interval (FI) and variable-interval (VI)?In fixed-interval reinforcement, the reinforcer is given in response to the first correct response after a specific period of time has elapsed. In variable-interval reinforcement, the reinforcer is given after the first correct response following a varying period of time.Lecture 7 (September 22)What is punishment? What is the difference between positive and negative punishment?Reinforcement is the removal of a pleasant stimulus or the application of an unpleasant stimulus. In positive punishment, there is a decrease in behavior resulting from an added consequence (negative consequence). In negative punishment, there is a decrease in behavior resulting from a removed consequence (loss of something desirable).What is escape learning?Performing a behavior because it prevents or terminates an aversive event (related to negative reinforcement).What is avoidance learning?Avoiding events or conditions associated with aversive consequences.What is learned helplessness?Passive resignation to aversive situations due to repeated exposure to inescapable or unavoidable events.What is latent learning? Who is associated with latent learning?Learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement (you still have the knowledge or skill, just don’t demonstrate it). Tolman is associated with latent learning.What is a cognitive map?A mental representation of a spatial arrangement such as a maze.What is observational learning? Who is associated with this theory?Learning by observing the behavior of others and the consequences of that behavior (imitation).Albert Bandura is associated with this theory.Lecture 8 (September 24)What are the three memory processes? Describe them.Encoding: transforming information into a form that can be stored into memoryStorage: maintaining information in memoryRetrieval: bringing stored material to mindWhat are the three components of memory? Describe them.Sensory Memory: the memory system that holds information from the senses for a period ranging from only a fraction to a second to about 2 seconds.Short-term Memory (STM): the component of the memory system that holds about 7 (from 5 to9) items for less than 30 seconds without rehearsal; aka Working Memory.Long-term Memory (LTM): the memory system with a virtually unlimited capacity that contains vast stores of a person’s permanent or relatively permanent memories.What is chunking?Grouping bits of information into larger units in order to make it easier to remember.What is rehearsal? What are the two types of rehearsal? Describe them.Rehearsal is the process of repeating information to maintain it in the short-term memoryThe two types are:1. Maintenance Rehearsal: repeating information until it is stored in long-term


View Full Document
Download Exam 2 Study Guide
Our administrator received your request to download this document. We will send you the file to your email shortly.
Loading Unlocking...
Login

Join to view Exam 2 Study Guide and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or
We will never post anything without your permission.
Don't have an account?
Sign Up

Join to view Exam 2 Study Guide 2 2 and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or

By creating an account you agree to our Privacy Policy and Terms Of Use

Already a member?