PSY 110 1st Edition Lecture 20 Outline of Last Lecture I. Defining Psychological DisordersII. Anxiety DisordersIII. Mood DisordersIV. SchizophreniaV. Somatic, Dissociative, Sexual, and Personality Disorders Outline of Current Lecture I. Behavior TherapiesII. Cognitive Behavior TherapiesCurrent Lecture Behavior TherapiesBehavior Therapies: A treatment approach consistent with the learning perspective on psychological disorders- Abnormal behavior is learned- The behavior itself as the disorder- Use learning principles to eliminate inappropriate or maladaptive behaviors- The goal is to change the troublesome behavior- Techniques based on operant conditioning:o Seek to control consequences of behavioro Extinction of undesirable behavior by terminating or withholding reinforcement maintaining the behavioro Time Out: A behavior modification technique used to eliminate undesirable behavior, especially in children and adolescents, by withdrawing all reinforcers for a period of timeo Institutional settings are well-suited for behavior modification Consequences of behavior can be controlled Token Economy: Rewards appropriate behavior with poker chips, play money, points, etc.Systematic Desensitization: Based on classical conditioning, it is used to treat fears- Client is trained in deep muscle relaxation- Confront hierarchy of fearsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Highly successful treatment for eliminating fears and phobias in a relatively short timeFlooding: Behavior therapy based on classical conditioning- Used to treat phobias by exposing clients to the feared object or event for an extended period, until their anxiety decreasesExposure and Response Prevention: Two components-- Exposure: Exposing clients to objects or situations that trigger obsessions and compulsive rituals- Response Prevention: The client agrees to resist performing compulsive rituals for longer and longer periods of time- Successful with OCD- Treatment can bring about considerable improvement in 60-70% of patientsAversion Therapy: Aversive stimulus paired with harmful or socially undesirable behavior- Behavior becomes associated with pain or discomfort- Controversial  brings intentional discomfortEX) using bitter nail polish to stop biting nailsParticipant Modeling: Model demonstrates appropriate responses to a feared stimulus in graduated steps and the client imitates the model with the encouragement of a therapist- Based on Albert Bandura’s principles of observational learning- Most specific phobias can be extinguished in 3 to 4 hours Cognitive Behavior TherapiesCognitive Behavior Therapies (CBT): Assume that maladaptive behavior results from irrational thoughts, beliefs, and ideas- Therapist tries to change these- Approach is effective for treating a wide variety of problemsEX) anxiety disorders, psychological drug dependence, and mood disordersRational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT): Goal is to challenge and modify a client’s irrational beliefs about the self and others- Albert Ellis- Developed the technique as a way of addressing his own problems with incapacitating anxiety- ABC Theoryo A = Activating evento B = Belief about the evento C = emotional Consequence that follows- Directive form of therapy- Individuals receiving REBT do better than those receiving no treatment or placeboCognitive Therapy: Focuses on Beck’s idea of how you think about yourself, the world/experiences, and the future.- Helps clients stop negative thoughts as they occur and replace them with more objective thoughts- Therapist often includes homework assignments- Therapy is briefo Ten to twenty sessionso Effective with mild to moderate depression and panic disorderAutomatic Thoughts: Unreasonable but unquestioned ideas that rule the person’s life- Goal of therapy is to help clients overcome the impact of cognitive errors or cognitive