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ISU PSY 110 - Structures of the Brain
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PSY 110 1st Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I. TechnologyII. Imaging TechniquesIII. Neurons and NeurotransmittersIV. Human Nervous SystemOutline of Current Lecture I. CerebrumII. Lobes of the BrainIII. Age, Gender, and the BrainIV. Beyond the Nervous SystemV. HeredityCurrent Lecture Cerebrum- Largest structure of human brain (contains cerebral hemispheres connectedby corpus callosum and covered by cerebral cortex).- “thinking part of the brain”- wrinkles of the brainCerebral Hemispheres- Left and right hemispheres of the brain resting side by side.- Lateralization: Specialization of one cerebral hemisphere to handle a particular function.- Left Hemisphere: Controls the right side of the body. Handles math, logic, analytical thought, and most of the language functions (speaking, writing, reading, speech comprehension, and comprehension of written info).- Right Hemisphere: Controls the left side of the body. Considered to be the hemisphere more adept at visual-spatial relations. Auditory cortex in R hemisphere seems far better able to process music than L hemisphere. Creative side of the brain and handles emotional thinking.- Split Brain [Operation]: Corpus callosum is severed and the hemispheres are no longer connected. Only used to treat severe cases of epilepsy.**Some specialties have diff. locations in designated hemisphere than others.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.**Great deal of knowledge about hemispheres came from split brain operations.Corpus Callosum- Thick band of nerve fibers that connects left and right halves of the brain and allows for communication between the two halves.Cerebral Cortex- Thin, gray, outer covering of the brain that is responsible for higher mental processes of language, memory, and thinking. Cerebral Cortex contains 3 different major regions:- Sensory regions- Motor regions- Association regionsAssociation Areas- Areas of cerebral cortex that house memories and are involved in thought, perception, and language. Lobes of the BrainFrontal Lobes- Largest of the brain’s lobes; contains the motor cortex, Broca’s area, and frontal association area.Prefrontal Cortex: The part of the frontal lobes directly behind the forehead that controls executive processing (coordination of multiple brain activities in pursuit of cognitive goals) and personality function.EX) organizing, prioritizing, personality, and problem solvingMotor Cortex: Strip of tissue at rear of frontal lobes that controls voluntary body movement and participates in learning and cognitive events.Broca’s Area: Area in frontal lobe (usually in L hemisphere) that controls speech production.Broca’s Aphasia. Impairment in physical ability to produce speech sounds or (in extreme cases) an inability to speak at all (caused by damage to Broca’s area).Aphasia. Loss or impairment of the ability to use or understand language, resulting from damage to the brain.**People who experience damage to prefrontal cortex can experience an altered personality and lose ability to control impulses, modulate emotions, and anticipate consequences of their behavior- case of Phineas Gage- pipe went through cheek, into prefrontal cortex, out of forehead- survived accident, lived fairly normally, but noticed he was no longer good at certain parts of his job and had very different personality traitsParietal Lobes- Lie directly behind frontal lobes, in the top middle portion of brain. Involved in reception and processing of touch stimuli.- Somatosensory Cortex: Strip of tissue at front of parietal lobes (right behind motor cortex) where touch, pressure, temperature, and pain register in cerebral cortex.- Play a role in spatial orientationOccipital Lobes- Lobes that are involved in reception and interpretation of visual info; contain the primary visual cortex.- Primary Visual Cortex: Area at rear of occipital lobes where vision registers in cerebral cortex.- Memory of familiar facesTemporal Lobes- Located slightly above the ears. Involved in reception and interpretation of auditory stimuli. Contains primary auditory cortex, Wernicke’s area, and temporal association areas.- Primary Auditory Cortex: Receives sound inputs from both ears and registers in cerebral cortex. Injury causes hearing loss in both ears, and total damage/destruction of both areas causes total deafness.- Wernicke’s Area: Adjacent to primary auditory cortex. Language area in L temporal lobeinvolved in comprehending spoken language and in formulating coherent speech and written language.- Wernicke’s Aphasia: Type of aphasia resulting from damage to Wernicke’s area where the person’s speech is fluent and clearly articulated, but incoherent (doesn’t make senseto listeners).Age, Gender, and the BrainDevelopment:- Synaptogenesis- Process of synapses developing as a result of the growth of dendrites and axons.- Pruning- Process through which the developing brain eliminates unnecessary or redundant synapses.- Myelination- Development of myelin sheaths around axons.Cognitive Decline:- Decay- when losses of synapses begin to exceed gains- Stroke- causes brain damage through blockage of blood supply in arteries to the brainPlasticity- The capacity of the brain to adapt to changes (ex. brain damage).Gender Differences:- Women have more gray matter in area of brain that controls emotionso May explain women’s superior ability to perceive emotions- Lower proportion of white matter in L hemisphere than Ro May explain men’s superior ability in spatial relations- Differences in functioning (navigational info)o Women use right parietal cortex and right frontal cortex**Brain changes in stages from conception until well into adulthood**each growth stage seems to involve a different brain area and may correspond to major developmental milestones**prefrontal cortex doesn’t finish changing/developing until around 25 years**250,000 new neurons per minuteBeyond the Nervous SystemEndocrine System- A series of ductless glands, located in various parts of the body, that manufacture and secrete hormones into the bloodstream, which affects cells in other parts of the body.Hormones- Chemical substances that are manufactured and released in one part of the body and affects other parts of the body.**hormones only perform their assigned job when


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