PSY 110 1st Edition Lecture 19 Outline of Last Lecture I. Trait Theories (Con’t)II. Personality and CultureIII. Social Cognitive TheoriesIV. Personality Assessment Outline of Current Lecture I. Defining Psychological DisordersII. Anxiety DisordersIII. Mood DisordersIV. SchizophreniaV. Somatic, Dissociative, Sexual, and Personality DisordersCurrent Lecture Defining Psychological DisordersPsychological Disorder: Mental processes and/or behavioral patterns that cause emotional distress and/or substantial impairment in functioningDiagnostic ad Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5):- New (5th) edition was released this year- Contains descriptions of about 300 specific psychological disorders- Lists criteria that must be met in order to make a particular diagnosis- Organizes these disorders into categories- Used by researchers, therapists, mental health workers, and most insurance companies- Has enabled public health officials to keep track of the frequency with which the various categories and individual disorders are diagnosed- Gives professionals a “common language” to categorize the client presentations they seeBiological Perspective: Abnormal behavior arises from a physical cause- Biological treatments, such as drug therapy, are favoredThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Biopsychosocial Perspective: Disorders result from a combination of biological, psychological, and social causes- Drug and psychotherapy are employed as treatmentPsychodynamic Perspective: Disorders stem from childhood and unresolved, unconscious conflicts- Treatment involves psychoanalysisLearning Perspective: Abnormal thoughts and behaviors are learned and sustained like any other behaviors- Treatment uses classical and operant conditioning and modeling to extinguish maladaptive behavior and increase adaptive behaviorCognitive Perspective: Faulty thinking and distorted perceptions can cause psychological disorders- Treatment tries to change faulty, irrational, and/or negative thinkingLifetime Prevalence: The estimate of how likely it is for an individual to be diagnosed with a disorder during the course of their life Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders: Disorders characterized by frequent, fearful thoughts about what might happen in the future- Most common category of psychological disorders- Account for more than 4 million visits to doctors’ offices in the US each year- Two types of anxious feelings for which people often seek professional help:o Panic Attackso AgoraphobiaPanic Disorder: Can lead to the development of agoraphobiaAgoraphobia: Intense fear of being in a situation from which escape is not possible- Often begins with repeated panic attacks- People with agoraphobia sometimes plan their entire lives around avoiding feared situations- Panic disorder with agoraphobia is among the most debilitating of all psychological disordersGeneralized Anxiety Disorder: Disorder involving chronic, excessive worry for 6 months or more- Persistent and excessive worry that is either unfounded or greatly exaggerated: difficult to control- Individual experiences physical symptoms, including restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge; being easily fatigued; difficulty concentrating or mind going blank; irritability; muscle tension; and sleep disturbance- Affects twice as many women as menSocial Anxiety Disorder: Irrational fear and avoidance of any social or performance situation- Fear of embarrassing or humiliating oneself in front of others by appearing clumsy, foolish, or incompetent- May take the specific form of performance anxietySpecific Phobia: Fear of a specific object or situation- Categories of specific phobias:o Situational phobiaso Fear of natural environmento Animal phobiaso Blood, injection, injury phobias- Uncommon phobias:o Triskaidekaphobia: Fear of the number 13o Samhainophobia: Fear of Halloweeno Sinistrophobia: Fear of things to the left or left-handedObsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Presence of obsessions and compulsions- Obsession: Persistent, involuntary thought, image, or impulse that causes great distresso Not pleasurable or voluntary, but intrusive and unwanted and cause marked distress or anxiety in most individuals- The individual attempts to ignore or suppress the obsessions or to neutralize them with another thought or action (performing a compulsion)- Compulsion: Persistent, irresistible, and irrational urge to perform an act or ritual repeatedlyo Often involves cleaning and washing, counting, checking, touching objects, hoarding, or excessive organizing Mood DisordersMood Disorders: Disorders characterized by extreme and unwarranted disturbances in emotion, typically sadnessMajor Depressive Disorder: Sufferers feel an overwhelming sadness, despair, and hopelessness- Usually lose their ability to experience pleasure- Severe enough to warrant impaired ability to complete activities of daily living- One year after initial diagnosis:o 40% without symptomso 40% still suffering from a disordero 20% are depressed- The risk of recurrence is greatest for females and for individuals with an onset of depression before age 15Bipolar Disorder: Manic episodes alternate with periods of depression, usually with relatively normal periods in betweenManic Episodes: Periods of excessive euphoria, inflated self-esteem, wild optimism, and hyperactivity- Often accompanied by delusions of grandeur and by hostility if activity is blockedSuicide:- Major risk factors for suicide:o Mood disorderso Schizophreniao Substance abuse- The risk of suicide increases when people are exposed to major life stressors- Older white males commit suicide more often than members of other race or age groups- Women are more likely to attempt suicide; men are more likely to succeedSAD PERSONS scale:S – SexA – Age: <20 or >44D – DepressionP – Previous attemptE – Ethanol abuseR – Rational thinking lossS – Social supports lackingO – Organized planN – No spouseS – SicknessNeurological Correlates of Mood Disorders:- PET scans have revealed abnormal patterns of brain activity in people with mood disorders- Area of brain tissue in lower prefrontal cortex is 40 to 50 percent smaller in people with major depression- Neuroticism is associated with depression and abnormal serotonin levels- Abnormal production, transport, and reuptake