COM 225 1nd Edition Lecture 14Outline of Last Lecture I. RolesII. Role Theory Outline of Current Lecture I. Role Theory (finish of chapter 7)II. Self-conceptIII. Personality - Rhetorical sensitivity, Communication apprehensionIV. Self-disclosureCurrent LectureI. Goffman’s role theory continuedA. Casting your role set1. Mirroring - choosing someone you can follow in your role set, mimic their ac-tions 2. Altercating - choosing someone for the sole purpose of helping you play yourrole, some extent you are using them 3. Mutual negotiation - choose person to be in your role set in order to both be satisfied, play your roles better, and both get something out of it II. Communication and story-tellingA. Narrative theory - make better sense out of roles 1. Stories become powerful in defying roles- The story of how you chose your career- The story of how you met your significant other These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.III. Self-conceptA. All the answers to: Who am I? B. Each person’s own subjective view or image of him or herself as a person!. I’m an athlete2. I’m a fast readerC. Self-concepts consist of objective information, too!. I am an American2. I go to MSUIV. Subjectivity of self-conceptA. Among college students - high percent believe they are in the top 10% in terms of their ability to get along with othersB. Among college professors - 94% think they are better at their jobs than their col-leagues V. Self-concept and roles A. Part of our self-concept consists of roles - but not necessarily1. I am a student, and that’s part of how I define myself2. I am a teenager, but thats not how I define myself B. But out self-concept is broader1. I am nice2. I am good at poker VI. PersonalityA. How psychologists see us, view us B. Many different traits affect communication, we will discuss one1. Communication apprehensionVII. Communication apprehension (CA) - apprehension/nervousness/fear of speaking A. Traits CA - overall consistent communication apprehension, how nervous you are about communicating in general B. State CA - how nervous are you to communicate in specific situations C. Effects1. Decreases frequency, amount, likelihood of engaging in communicationVIII. What increases apprehension?A. Evaluation - more likely to be nervous when being graded for a speech, boss lookingat you, could feel like friend are judging/evaluating youB. Subordinate status - less power then people you are communicating withC. Conspicuousness - feel like people can see/looking at us D. Unpredictability - more predictable the situation is, the less nervous you will be E. Dissimilarity - more similar, less nervousF. Prior successes and failures - having succeeded before, less nervous G. Lack of communication skills - more we feel that we lack communication skills, more nervous we are IX. Theories of communication apprehension management A. Cognitive restructuring - reason we are nervous because we have irrational negativethoughts about speaking1. Replace thoughts B. Systematic desensitization - body abandons us when get into speaking situations, retraining not to freak out 1. Create hierarchy of behaviors- Ask for date - need to break down communication in to small bits- make small talk, introduce yourself, dial the phone, pick up the phone C. Skill acquisition theory1. Prepare & practice; get feedback X. Self-disclosureA. What is self-disclosure? 1. Tell someone something about yourself B. Some goals of self-disclosure1. Catharsis: soothing to let things out, “I stole an outfit once.” 2. Look good: “I scored a perfect on the ACT.”3. Help others: sharing your rough times can help them out, “I was depressed once, too.”4. Get closer: to build intimacy and get closer to other people, “I love you.” XI. Rewards of self-disclosureA. Personal1. Self-knowledge - learning more about yourself 2. Self-acceptance - learning to accept (e.g., coming out)3. Psychological and physical health - healthier when we let things out, holding in affects youC. Relational 1. Liking - like people when they tend to share things about themselves2. Closeness - brings us closer XII. Potential issues in self-disclosureA. Flooded disclosure - telling too much B. Underdisclosure - not disclosing enough given the state of the relationship C. Premature disclosure - too soon XIII. Guidelines for self-disclosure A. For your own, consider:1. Motivation2. Appropriateness 3. Others’ self-disclosure (matching)4. Possible burdens for other B.To facilitate others’:1. Practice listening skills2. Support and reinforce discloser3. Be willing to reciprocate4. Keep disclosures confidential5. Don’t use disclosures against other6. Be sensitive to cultural