ES 106 Review Question Group 1 ES Ch 1 1 a Oceanography is the science that deals with the dynamics of the oceans b Geology is the word that literally means the study of the Earth c Meteorology is the study where the primary focus is on gaining an understanding of the atmosphere d Astronomy is the science that helps us understand Earth s place in the universe Page 2 2 Renewable resources can be replenished over relatively short time spans Some examples are plants and animals for food natural fibers for clothing and forest products for lumber and paper Nonrenewable resources do continue to form but the processes that create them are so slow that significant deposits take millions of years to accumulate Some examples of these include important metals such as iron aluminum and copper as well as fuel like oil natural gas and coal Page 3 and 4 7 The four spheres that constitute our environment include the hydrosphere which is the global ocean streams lakes glaciers and what water can be found underground the atmosphere which surrounds Earth as a life giving gaseous envelop the biosphere which includes all life on Earth and the geosphere the solid Earth beneath the atmosphere and the ocean Page 12 14 10 The lithosphere is Earth s outermost layer and consists of the crust and the uppermost mantle It forms a relatively cool rigid shell whereas the asthenosphere is beneath the lithosphere and is a soft and comparatively weak layer with mostly solid rocks and melting temperatures Page 16 13 The three major regions of the ocean floor include the continental margins deep ocean basins and oceanic mid ocean ridges Page 19 ES Ch 2 3 The three main particles of an atom are the protons which are very dense particles with positive electrical charges the neutrons which have the same mass as a proton but lack an electrical charge and the electrons which have negative electrical charges Page 32 33 4 If the number of electrons in an atom is 35 and its mass number is 80 Page 33 34 There are a 35 protons b The atomic number is 35 c The number of neutrons is 45 6 An ion is produced when atoms have an electrical charge because of the unequal numbers of electrons and protons Page 35 CPS Ch 12 7 In the periodic table the atomic number tells the number of protons each atom of a given element contains Page 288 8 The atomic number tells the number of protons each atom of a given element contains while a mass number tells the total number of nucleons in an atomic nucleus Page 288 and 291 9 Mass number tells the total number of nucleons in an atomic nucleus while the atomic mass shows the mass of an element s atoms listed in the periodic table as an average value based on the relative abundance of the element s isotopes Page 291 12 Properties of elements across any period or the periodic table gradually change in a periodic trend Page 293 26 Valence electrons are most responsible for the properties of an atom Page 305 CPS Ch 15 16 Elements that tend to form covalent bonds are those that have a mutual attraction for shared electrons such as two fluorine atoms Page 363 18 An oxygen atom can form up to two covalent bonds Page 364 19 A dipole is the separation of a charge Page 366 25 Oil and water do not mix because water molecules are so attracted to themselves because of their polarity that they pull themselves together and the non polar oil molecules are thus excluded and left to themselves Page 371 27 The primary difference between a chemical bond and an attraction between two molecules is that attraction between two molecules is relatively weak in comparison to a chemical bond but their effects on the physical properties of substances are more significant Page 372 29 Induced dipoles are not permanent Page 374 CPS Ch 6 1 The temperatures for freezing water are Celsius 0 and Fahrenheit 32 while the temperatures for boiling water Celsius 100 and Fahrenheit 212 Page 142 8 When you touch a cold surface the thermal energy travels from your finger to the cold surface because thermal energy always flows from the higher temperature substance into the lowertemperature substance until thermal equilibrium is reached unless it is assisted otherwise Page 144 9 Temperature measure the hotness or coldness of substances whereas heat is the thermal energy that is transferred from one thing to another due to a temperature difference Page 144 10 Thermal energy is the total energy of the submicroscopic particles that make up a substance and heat is the thermal energy that is transferred from one thing to another due to a temperature difference Page 144 11 The direction of heat flow is determined by higher and lower temperature substances and the need for equilibrium between the two Page 144 22 When heat is applied silver warms up faster than iron Page 147 24 The specific heat capacity of water compares with the specific heat capacities of other common materials because it has a much higher capacity for storing thermal energy than almost any other substance Page 148 26 Liquids expand more than solids for an equal increase in temperature Page 151 27 When the temperature of ice cold water is increased slightly it undergoes both net contraction and expansion as the volume decreases as ice crystals collapse while volume increases due to greater molecular motion Once most of the ice crystals have melted expansion overrides the contraction Page 152 28 The reason for ice being less dense than water is that its volume increases tremendously and it contracts which make it less dense and gives it the ability to float on water Page 152 ES Ch 5 1 Water in the hydrologic cycle evaporates into the atmosphere from the oceans and continents wind transports this moisture laden air until conditions cause the moisture to condense into clouds and precipitate and fall Eventually all of the water is returned to the ocean and the cycle begins again Once the precipitation falls onto the land a portion of the water soaks into the ground then into lakes streams or directly into the ocean Some of it is also absorbed by plants which release it into the atmosphere Page 116 17 The percentage of freshwater that is groundwater is 14 158 If glacial ice is excluded and only liquid freshwater is considered the percentage that is groundwater is 14 158 Page 134 18 A significant geological role of groundwater apart from its being an erosional agent is as an equalizer of streamflow Page 135 19 Groundwater is water in the zone of saturation and only about six tenths of
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