KIN 300 Lecture 11 Outline of Last Lecture II Development of Sport III Early American Baseball IV Early American Football a College b Professional Outline of Current Lecture V Early American Basketball VI Physical Education Current Lecture Early American Basketball 1915 Joint Committee developed Representatives reached agreement on uniform rules of game 1896 First basketball leagues formed in Denver 1901 Eastern colleges formed Intercollegiate League Game caught on quickly around turn of 20th century American military introduced the game around the world during World War I Women and Sport Attitudes reflected cultural biases about play sport Sport builds manliness so not for women Instead dance became integral component of physical education programs for women Some women s colleges did provide athletic programs These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute But female physical educators discouraged competitive events 1957 Formation of organization to administer women s athletics eventually called Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women AIAW 1972 Title IX All teams in high schools and colleges are open to both sexes Equal opportunities and financial support must be provided 1975 1983 NCAA takes control of women s intercollegiate sports AIAW disbands Impact of American Sports on Physical Education In early 20th century American public very interested in athletic competition Physical educators capitalized on this interest by reforming their philosophy to accommodate sports in PE curriculum Sport was adopted by physical educators they attempt made to put athletics into education and education into athletics 19th Century Physical Education Early physical educators focused on health Backgrounds were doctors and educators Coursework in hygiene physiology and instruction in fitness activities Activities included gymnastics and calisthenics Early 1900 s Physical Education still placed emphasis on military like physical training exercises Changes in Early 1900 s Leading to change in PE Curriculum Decline of religious opposition that prevented leisure physical activity Immigration introduced new activities Urbanization transportation and war dispersed activities Growth of leisure time Continued interest in sport Late 1800 s Early 1900 s Noticeable shift of emphasis in PE PE began diversifying its content to include sports play dance games Still included militaristic calisthenics like exercises but emphasis was waning Culture of Physical Training gave way to Physical Education Formalized PE curriculum began developing External Forces changing emphasis in PE Physical educators capitalized on sports Reformed philosophy to accommodate sports Claimed sports valuable educational experience Athletic competition intramural sports challenged traditional gymnastics calisthenics By 1930 most instructional activities devoted to sports intramural programs As opposed to physiology gymnastics and calisthenics External Forces changing emphasis in PE A change in physical education instructors Before 1906 physical education taught by medical faculty After 1906 PE taught by coaches and those with limited education hired to teach physical education Athletics governed by athletic associations Controlled by students and alumni No national governing body to oversee athletics Abuses caused faculty intervention High school control achieved by merging athletics and physical education Physical Education and Coaching Teaching done by coaches Shift away from health focus Teachers trained by educators not health experts Most physical educators were women Men preferred coaching 1900 1920 no coursework offered in coaching 1919 George Huff developed first degree program in coaching University of Illinois Merging of Athletics and Physical Education Varsity athletic competition dominates physical education 1906 1916 college presidents assumed responsibility for athletic programs 1917 1939 Sports for All Final stage in transformation of physical education Athletics Physical Education and Crisis Most states passed legislation mandating physical education in schools College physical education departments established rapidly Few physical education professors Coaches became physical educators 1929 survey 23 had formal training in physical education Most had been successful athletes or coaches Athletics Physical Education and Crisis Sport and physical education became permanently tied together Qualified physical educators were concerned with low standards Educators still argued over emphasis Still confused about their educational missions Development of Play Theory 1900 1915 Herbert Spencer English philosopher Play as expending excess energy Karl Groos educational theorist Humans played as preparation for life Play behavior was instinctual G Stanley Hall psychologist educator Influential psychologist early 20th century Childhood as rehearsal for the evolution Play is fundamental to development of species Teach kids young about importance of movement Play Theory Luther Gulick physical educator Emphasized benefits of play for development of private social self Believed that play developed social consciousness on which democratic civilization was dependent Recapitulation Theory Proper use of play creates the foundation for the development of skills necessary in adult life Play Theory John Dewey Believed that mind body were integrated Body produced experiences that shaped individual Believed individuals should learn to act based on their own experiences Different from idea at time that mind was more important than experiences Dewey and others helped introduce social games and social play as significant ideas in society He believed play was important purposeful activity in educational process that directed interest through physical means Gave the play act meaning Paved way for play to become an instructional tool Play became a quality experience valuable for its educational possibilities Play and Physical Education Play received support at the city level Playground movement began in large cities 1890s Chicago Boston N Y sandgardens playgrounds Play theory received growing support Gymnastics science based programs preferred by many until 1910s By 1915 Play and sport became focus Play in Physical Education 1900 1915 Supporters argued for play over gymnastics Henry Curtis Team games developed group awareness loyalty and