KIN 300 Lecture 7Outline of Last Lecture I. Renaissance and Reformationa. Cultural Changes b. Philosophers and Educatorsi. Martin Lutherii. John CalvinOutline of Current Lecture II. Sport in Colonial Americaa. Native American Sportb. Attitudesc. New England Puritansi. Puritans and Sportii. Sabbath and Sportd. Sport in Mid-Atlantice. Sport in Southf. Horse RacingCurrent Lecture• Sport in Colonial America• Physical Activities in the Colonies– Sports, physical activities, and dance occupied a prominent role in the lives of most Native Americans when colonists arrived in North America• Also for livelihood (hunting and gathering)– Activities were associated with• Religious ceremonies• Festive celebrations• Recreation • Native American SportThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.– Most popular Native American sport was lacrosse, also called baggataway, meaning ball game or the game of ball• Often played in honor of their gods• Helped train males for war• Rules, size of playing field, equipment, and clothing varied widely• Native American Sport– Females activity was encouraged in the NA community• Many, including girls and women, played shinny, a ball-and-stick game similar to modern field hockey• Women also played double ball, a game in which a stick was used to propel two balls attached by a string• Native American Sport– Other sports included archery, swimming, fishing, canoeing, and snow snaking, which involved sliding a pole a great distance across a frozen path– Ritualistic dances and games of chance were also popular• Colonial America: Attitudes– Attitudes toward sport representative of settlers European background– Attitudes were strongly influenced by religion • New England: Puritan• Against play generally• Mid-Atlantic (New York): Dutch, Quaker• Moderate play acceptable• South: Catholic, Baptist, and Methodist• Most friendly toward play• New England Puritans and Sport: 17th Century– Generally cold toward playful activities• Laws forbid gambling, card playing, and mixed dancing• Allowed bowling, fishing, fowling, or playing cricket, rugby fives (game similar to handball), and marbles• New England Puritans and Sport: 17th Century– Puritans believed all human beings were born “flawed” in the eyes of God• Goal was to restrain the “evil” impulses of sinners• Play was considered “evil”• “Idle hands are the devil’s workshop” • Puritans and Sport– The good religious life determined how one should behave• Government was formed to insure religious behavior• Control of emotions and behaviors was critical• Much debate over what was proper behavior– Protestant work ethic• Hard work: a sign that one was destined for heaven• To be seen playing was a sign of moral depravity• Overcoming desire to play was a sign of morality• Puritans and Sport– Ban on play was recognized to be impossible• Differed from European Puritans– What play is acceptable? Extremely limited:• Play that helped maintain civic order• Moderate recreation keeps one refreshed• Abstention from recreation created disorder in life– Fishing, hunting, and walking acceptable• Improved health, renewed spirit• Sabbath and Sport– Maintain the Sabbath• Hunting not bad, but failed to keep Sabbath• Sabbath laws (“blue laws”)—some in effect even today• Alcohol on Sunday• Amusements in New England– Taverns: American version of English pubs, German beer halls, and European inns• Frontier taverns provided amusements, lodging• Still no drinking on Sunday’s (holy day)– Darts and cards were popular games– Marksmanship, boxing, cockfighting, and horseracing were popular– Social amusements became more acceptable as Puritan influence eroded • Sport in the Mid-Atlantic– Quakers of Pennsylvania and Dutch Calvinists in New York:• Freedom from many of the religious prohibitions imposed on their northern neighbors• Still religious, but not as strict with beliefs • More friendly toward playful activities • Horse racing popular from the beginning• Improvement of the breed by importing • Gamble on outcome• Still all do today• Sport in the Mid-Atlantic– Quakers of Pennsylvania and Dutch Calvinists in New York:• Golf, early croquet, tennis, cricket, shooting matches, sleigh rides• Skittles (in which a ball or flat disk is thrown down an alley at nine skittles or pins)• Boating, fishing, hunting, horse racing, and sleighing• Sport in the South– Growth of sports in the south • No Puritans settled here• Catholicism was dominant religion• A lot of drinking and a lot of sports• Southern gentlemen extremely competitive• Most friendly toward playful activities – Rugged individualism and competitiveness manifest in wagering on horses– Founding Fathers enjoyed horse racing• Horse Racing– First horse races were a quarter mile long• Led to Virginia quarter horse– Race tracks in Virginia, Maryland, South Carolina– Wagering often heavy, women placed bets – Big races followed by social festivities• Now the Kentucky Derby is a huge tradition • Sport in the South– Social class often dictated appropriate sporting behavior• Upper class: requisite social & athletic skills• Riding, dancing, fencing, and conversation• Slaves participated as jockeys and boxers• Some slaves gained freedom by fighting • Other Southern Sports– Cockfighting, bowling, and card playing were engaged in at taverns (initially exclusively for men)– Fox hunting and hawking– Emerging interest in participation in physical activities for development of personal health and