KIN 300 1st EditionFinal Study Guide • Colonial Period (late 1700’s to mid 1800’s)• No formalized physical education• Fitness through survival:• Hunting, work and little leisure time• Emergence of gymnastic systems• Late 19th Century• Physical training, emergence of sport• Transitional Period (1900-1917)• Formalized curriculum• Accepted methodology• Acceptance (1917-1930)• PE Accepted into the mainstream school curriculum• Late 1800’s, Early 1900’s • Noticeable shif• “PE” began diversifying its content to include sports • Still included militaristic, calisthenics like exercises but emphasis was waning• Culture of Physical Training gave way to Physical Education• Formalized PE curriculum began developing• Accepted methodology• Early 1900’s • Decline of religious opposition• Immigration – introduced new activities• Urbanization, transportation, and war dispersed activities• Growth of leisure time • Intercollegiate athletic conferences• Curb abuses like betting (1st one - Big Ten)• Comprehensive Education• John Dewey; progressive education• Incorporated play theory• 1920’s – 30’s • PE became an accepted subject• States passed mandatory PE laws• California first• Teacher education developed• U of A first in state of Alabama• Graduate study programs began• Sport continued to dominate American pop cultureReview of History: Women in Sport:• 19th century views of masculinity & femininity highly stereotyped– Muscular Christianity movement provided strong philosophical support for physical education & sport for boys, not girls– Girls allowed to engage only in mild forms of exercise; vigorous exercise & competitive sports considered inappropriate because:• Women considered genetically unfit for vigorous activity, believed such activity would harm them• Vigorous activity thought to be unladylike New Era in History: Popularity of Sport:• During WWI & WWII, interest in sports waned – Spectator sports faired poorly– Major shift towards participatory sports• Youth sport, family sport, informal kinds of participation • Softball exemplified shift– Developed in Chicago in 1877– Required less space & less equipment than baseball– Became America’s most popular recreational sportNew Era in History: Changes in Sport:• 1954, Supreme Court up held decision in Brown v. Board of Education – Eliminated segregated schools in America (for males only; all males play sports)• 1972, Title IX of the Education Amendment passed US Congress– Created framework within which girls/women could finally achieve equal access to physical education & sport opportunities – Lead to explosion in women’s sports (females finally get their equality to play)– 1975, Congress passed Public Law 94-142 – Ensured rights of Americans with disabilities – Eventually lead to development of Special OlympicsNew Era in History: PE in 1940’s:• During WWII, half of military recruits failed physical fitness test & were deemed unfit for duty• Lead to widespread criticism of effectiveness of American school physical education programs • Forced PE programs to emphasize fitness as part of new physical activity programs • Created great concern for research on fitness & fitness testing • Adapted PE took off due to wounded vetsNew Era in History: PE in 1950-60’s:• Article on muscular fitness portrayed American kids as weak (our PE system was failing)– 60% of American kids failed fitness test compared to only 6% of European kids• In 1956, President Eisenhower formed the President's Council on Youth Fitness • Kennedy spoke openly about the need to improve kid’s fitness levels, including writing an article in Sports Illustrated entitled "The Soft American" – Lead to national effort to develop youth fitness programsNew Era in History: 1960s:• Kenneth Cooper– “Father of the Modern Fitness Movement”• Cooper is cited as being one of the key figures in revolutionizing field of medicine away from disease treatment to disease prevention through aerobic exercise– 1968 Publication of book titled simply, Aerobics • Brought attention to extraordinary importance of cardiovascular fitness– Founded the Cooper Aerobics Institute in Texas• Developed the 12-minute and 1.5-mile fitness tests & the Aerobics Point SystemNew Era in History: PE in 1950-60’s:• All of these events lead to two major changes: – Changes in PE curriculum– Development of research fields including exercise science, motor learning, biomechanics, etc.• Beginning of what we now know as academic discipline of Kinesiology (umbrella term)• With widespread focus on physical fitness, became necessary to investigate the outcomes of various approaches to fitness– Led to development of multiple sub-disciplines of KinesiologyNew Era in History: Today:• Kinesiology & sub-disciplines of Kinesiology– Anatomy– Exercise Physiology– Biomechanics– Motor Learning– Sport PsychologyKinesiology Subdisciplines:• Kinesiology– Study of movement (human in our case)• Anatomy – The study of the physical structure of an animal• Biomechanics– Study of the human body as a mechanical system, utilizes principles drawn from physics.– No specific course, incorporated throughout• Physiology– Functions and activities of living organisms, including all physical and chemical processes• Exercise physiology– Study of bodily systems & their reactions to stress of exercise• Motor Learning– Focuses on how motor skills are learned– Areas: motor learning, control, development– Categories• Initial• Elementary• Mature• Sport Psychology– Study of sport and psychological issues in sport– Intervention examples: Relaxation, cue control, mental imaging, coping, desensitizationJobs available w/degree in Kinesiology:• Exercise Physiologist– Professor of Exercise Physiology• Sports Medicine Doctor/PA• Physical/Occupational Therapist (PTA/OTA)• Chiropractor• Prosthetics • Athletic Trainer• Strength & Conditioning Coach• Personal Trainer/Fitness Instructor• Health Promotion and Wellness• Sport Psychologist• Sports Historian• Sports Lawyer/Agent• Motor Development Specialist • Exercise Equipment Developer/SalesmanEvolution of Physical Education:• Following WWII, with onset of Cold War looming, physical fitness became a matter of national concern• President