KIN 300 Lecture 9Outline of Last Lecture I. Science and HealthII. 19th centurya. Social ChangeIII. Battle of SystemsIV. Development of Physical EducationV. Biological and Philosophical IssuesOutline of Current Lecture II. Womena. Women and sportb. Changing rolesIII. AnthropometryIV. DisciplineV. Changing Concepts and Professionsa. Profession Preparation for TeachersVI. Sport in AmericaCurrent LectureWomen: Mothers of the Race- Theories of later 19th century especially affected attitudes towards women exercising o Health particularly important for women• “Originators & nurturers of new life”• Belief was that defective women produced defective children• Thought: procreative function of women gave them a special need for physical education– Additional justification: exercise made women more attractive• But should not be used to increase strength• Changing views on what the woman should look likeThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.– Encouraged to exercise– Exercise should be tailored to their “special” physiology– However, Victorian attitudes (especially clothing) imposed limitations on types of activity women could participate inWomen and Sport:• Mary Allen, a gymnasium proprietor (starter) in Boston, summed up the women’s movement in PE by stating the following:– Healthy women could maintain their equilibrium– Sick women could restore their health– Depressed women could be cheered– Fat women could reduce– Thin women could build up– Mature mothers could maintain their youth to meet the needs of growing children– Young mothers could make their bodies “the sound & holy temple it should be” – All women could increase their vigor & make figures supple• Many of these beliefs still held to this day!!Golden Age of Anthropometry: 1885-1900• Anthropometry : new academic area – Involved the study & measurement of body segments, girths, lengths– Used by many disciplines to disprove theories on human nature• Members of different classes, races– Particularly suited for P.E. research• Sought to legitimize P.E. through quantification of scientific research• Quantification = numbers (comparing results)• Lending a aura of scientific validity to P.E.Golden Age of Anthropometry: 1885-1900• Anthropometry: cutting edge of P.E. research– Dudley Sargent, Cambridge– Edward Hitchcock, M.D., Amherst College• Dudley Sargent– Used studies to promote human improvement (physical, mental & moral) through exercise to establish first table of physical ‘norms’Defining Scope of the Discipline:• Physical Education used scientific evidence to support exercise as good for society– Stated, with anthropometric evidence, that the means to improve the physical, mental & moral aspects of the race was through exercise• Attempted to gain acceptance of both society & science• Paradigm problems emerged– Lack of body of research– Some scientists left profession– Promotion of social prejudice & racial dominance– Anthropometry (& its misuse) dominated through 1890sPhysical Education the American Way:• 1889: Boston conference to develop “American” version of gymnastics– Discussed strengths of each system– Discussed what methods to use in American school systemChanging Concepts:• Health as balance of mind, body, will was challenged by new biological & medical evidence– Specifically germs & their connection to diseases• Faith grew in medicine’s ability to promote & sustain health (rather than religion)– Inoculations– Purification of water & milk– New surgical techniques– Asepsis (infection prevention)• Health conscious; infection; gloves, wash hands, understanding germsChanging Profession:• Focus on growth of professions (science, medicine) affected education, specifically P.E.– P.E. adjusted its focus & purpose• FROM:– Promotion of gymnastic exercise & anthropometry at core • TO: – Play theory as rationale for physical education & pedagogical useof play, games & sport as methodology– Another shift in physical education• Focus on growth of professions (science, medicine) affected education, specifically P.E.– Career opportunities in P.E. increased for both men and women• Gymnasium directions• Physical training instructors• Playground leaders• Hygiene teachers– However, many self-proclaimed experts entered market w/little expertise– Movement began to improve & professionalize the teaching of P.E.Professional Preparation of Teachers:• One of AAPE’s most important goals of this time was to improve and professionalize the teaching of physical education & P.E. teachers– Debates over training of P.E. teachers Between AAAPE administrators & school teachers– Primary training in medicine or education?– Private Normal schools only programs available for facilitated training for teachers• Following the transformation of 19th century, more programs evolved• First graduate course work in physical education begin in 1891Professional Preparation of Teachers:• Dudley Sargent: Harvard Summer School of Physical Education opened in 1887• In 1900, courses on sports were added for men & women• 1866: California passed law requiring P.E. in schools (test question!!**)– To promote health and vigor– Provide means for military defense– Other states followed throughout 1890s• Four-year programs introduced between 1892-1911– Stanford, Harvard, U. of California, Nebraska, Oberlin, Columbia U., U. of Wisconsin– Must be certified • Began to place departments in education– Emergence of state legislation – Need to train physical educators• 1919: state licensure laws for teaching specialty in physical education to improve standards in teaching• 1921: Compulsory P.E. in 28 states• 1930: teaching certification required in 38 states• P.E. leaders continued to debate what constituted a trained physical educator– Struggle to attract competent recruits– Perception that teachers taught/teach only play &not sciences– Tremendous need for teachers allowed minimum training• Factors led to feelings of professional inadequacySport in America:• The change in American culture from rural/farming to urban/industrial provided both the necessary number of people as athletes & spectators as well as the technology for sports as