KIN 300 Final Exam Notes Lecture One Definitions Kinesis movement Ology the study of The study of human movement the study of human movement as it relates to health and wellness Involves the study of physical education as well as how the body functions w particular emphasis on how the body functions during exercise Kinesiology defined The academic discipline which involves the study of physical activity and its impact on health society and quality American Kinesiology Association Considered an academic discipline in the life sciences Current estimates of US overweight and obesity Over 2 3 of all adults and 1 3 of all children in the US are now overweight Over 30 of adults and 16 of children are obese By 2030 advocates predict that more than 50 of residents in 39 states could be obese The U S government projects 42 obesity nationwide BMI Adults formula Weight x 703 height in inches 2 Weight in kg height in m 2 Children and youth 85th percentile overweight 95th percentile obese Cost of overweight and obesity Medical spending for the obese 42 higher than for normal weight persons U S businesses spend over 13 billion annually in health insurance claims paid sick leave and disability and life insurance Health risks of obesity Coronary heart disease Type 2 diabetes Cancer High blood pressure High total cholesterol Stroke Liver and gall bladder disease Sleep apnea Respiratory problems Osteoarthritis Reproductive health problems Increased calorie intake 1970 average daily calorie intake 2 168 2008 average daily calorie intake 2 673 505 daily calorie increase One pound of fat 3500 calories On average Americans are 500 calories x 7 days a week 3500 calories Eating more fast food and dining out frequently Eating larger portion sizes High calorie beverages Food preferences for higher calorie foods Social eating Decreased physical activity Why are we more sedentary 1 Technology 2 Screen time 3 Work 4 Other obligations Relationships w obesity Obesity rates have been linked to regional economic and social factors Other factors linked to obesity Begins at infancy Media exposure Self regulation Parental role models Peers Physical constraints Lecture Four Pre Civil War period 1820 s Gymnastics introduced by German immigrants Swinging climbing vaulting and resistance exercise Catharine Beecher Developed and implemented female physical education program 1 Light calisthenics male physical activity was too vigorous Mother of American Physical Education 1852 First intercollegiate competition Crew race rowing b w Harvard and Yale Harvard won 1900 Edward Hitchcock Physician named director of health and hygiene at Amherst College Implemented physical education program Collected anthropometric data to monitor progress of students Dudley Sargent Physician appointed director of Hemenway Gymnasium at Harvard Physical examination for all PE students used to prescribe exercise He designed exercise equipment Both noted for scientific approach to physical activity Great technological changes in early 19th century Mass production cheap athletic equipment Vulcanized rubber bike tires and rubber balls Sewing machines uniforms Transportation travel for sporting events Media telegraphs radio eventually tv Increasing acceptance Free from religious restrictions Muscular Christianity Sport activities build moral values Baseball Evolved from cricket Baseball much faster to play Modern game of baseball evolved b w 1840 and 1870 Alexander Cartwright Paying profession American football Evolved from rugby and soccer In 1873 Princeton Yale Columbia and Rutgers formed Intercollegiate Association for Football to refine and codify rules of game 1910 governing agency was renamed the NCAA Walter Camp Yale Considered father of American football Contribution include Replacing rugby s scrummage w line of scrimmage Using system of downs tied to yards gained Assigning 11 players to team w specific positions Allowing tackling below waist First official college football game played in 1869 Rutgers and Princeton Bowl games began in 1902 w Rose Bowl Michigan and Stanford American basketball 1891 Dr James Naismith invented basketball at Springfield College originally YMCA YMCA became the hotbed of basketball WWI Worldwide spread Impact of sport Societal interest on athletic competition Physical educators PE curriculum Sport into education and education into sport The need for the study of kinesiology 19th Century and Health Health concern to America as disease was prevalent Epidemics of cholera typhoid scarlet fever influenza diphtheria smallpox measles whooping cough tuberculosis Medicine Toxicity State of medical knowledge ineffective Treatments included bleeding leeching and cupping Medicine was administered containing toxic substances such as arsenic strychnine emetics and mercurial compounds Blurred vision vomiting hair loss and dizziness Hypervitaminosis Excessive intake of fat soluble vitamins A D E K Nausea and vomiting confusion muscle weakness seizures and coma Hyponatremia Excessive water intake LD50 The dose at which a given compound would kill 50 of the population LD50 for sugar is 400g at a single sitting 7 bottles of Coke 10 packs of skittles LD50 for vitamin C is 1 3 of sugar Medical advances Better understanding of Anatomy and Physiology Better research methods Also in 1858 Henry Gray published Gray s Anatomy Most widely used gross anatomy text of all time Foundations of Exercise Science What is anatomy Study of the structure of the body Dates back to 1500 s Invention of microscope around 1660 muscle fibers identified What is physiology The study of the processes and function of the human body Research on the human body Cultural interest in physical activity Development of exercise science Simply put how and why the body responds to physical activity Primary application benefit human health exercise and sports performance Sub disciplines exercise physiologist biomechanist epidemiologist psychologist Study interests responses to a bout of exercise acute adaptations to long term exercise nutritionist chronic Historical perspective 1891 first formal exercise physiology lab established Harvard university Dr George Wells Fitz Responsible for establishing the first degree program BS in Anatomy Physiology Physical training Harvard University Noted as first medically trained person to teach Physiology of Exercise Taught a course called Remedial Exercises After Fitz departed in 1899 physical training was dropped from the degree