KIN 300 Lecture 13Outline of Last Lecture II. Review of Historya. Women in SportIII. Evolving PE over various decadesOutline of Current Lecture IV. New Era in History (different decades)V. SubdisciplinesVI. JobsVII. Evolution of Physical EducationVIII. Distinction of SubdisciplinesIX. Sport PedagogyX. CurriculumCurrent LectureNew Era in History: 1960s:• Kenneth Cooper– “Father of the Modern Fitness Movement”• Cooper is cited as being one of the key figures in revolutionizing field of medicine away from disease treatment to disease prevention through aerobic exercise– 1968 Publication of book titled simply, Aerobics • Brought attention to extraordinary importance of cardiovascular fitness– Founded the Cooper Aerobics Institute in Texas• Developed the 12-minute and 1.5-mile fitness tests & the Aerobics Point SystemNew Era in History: PE in 1950-60’s:• All of these events lead to two major changes: These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.– Changes in PE curriculum– Development of research fields including exercise science, motor learning, biomechanics, etc.• Beginning of what we now know as academic discipline of Kinesiology (umbrella term)• With widespread focus on physical fitness, became necessary to investigate the outcomes of various approaches to fitness– Led to development of multiple sub-disciplines of KinesiologyNew Era in History: Today:• Kinesiology & sub-disciplines of Kinesiology– Anatomy– Exercise Physiology– Biomechanics– Motor Learning– Sport PsychologyKinesiology Subdisciplines:• Kinesiology– Study of movement (human in our case)• Anatomy – The study of the physical structure of an animal• Biomechanics– Study of the human body as a mechanical system, utilizes principles drawn from physics.– No specific course, incorporated throughout• Physiology– Functions and activities of living organisms, including all physical and chemical processes• Exercise physiology– Study of bodily systems & their reactions to stress of exercise• Motor Learning– Focuses on how motor skills are learned– Areas: motor learning, control, development– Categories• Initial• Elementary• Mature• Sport Psychology– Study of sport and psychological issues in sport– Intervention examples: Relaxation, cue control, mental imaging, coping, desensitizationJobs available w/degree in Kinesiology:• Exercise Physiologist– Professor of Exercise Physiology• Sports Medicine Doctor/PA• Physical/Occupational Therapist (PTA/OTA)• Chiropractor• Prosthetics • Athletic Trainer• Strength & Conditioning Coach• Personal Trainer/Fitness Instructor• Health Promotion and Wellness• Sport Psychologist• Sports Historian• Sports Lawyer/Agent• Motor Development Specialist • Exercise Equipment Developer/SalesmanEvolution of Physical Education:• Following WWII, with onset of Cold War looming, physical fitness became a matter of national concern• President Eisenhower led the cause– PE became mandatory in almost every school between 1950 & 1975– From middle school to high school, students required to either take PE or engage in sports– Co-ed PE classes emerged in 1950s• Three philosophical movements had impact on physical education, fitness & sport duringthe post-1950s era– The environmental movement– Civil rights movement– Fitness & wellness movementEnvironmental Movement:• Provided framework for engaging in physical activity outdoors, especially in wilderness areas– Promoted activities such as cycling, cross-country skiing, backpacking– Led to growth of adventure education in Physical Education programsCivil Rights Movement: Provided framework for the further collapse of racial barriers in sport, fitness, & physical education– Prior to this movement, African American children did not have opportunities to engage in physical education– With passing of Federal Civil Rights Act of 1964, discrimination was banned leading to integration of physical education programs & sports teams– Black athletes became highly recruited in both college & professional sports teams– Shift in physical education  equal rights regardless of skin colorFitness and Wellness Movement:• Concept of relationship of physical fitness to healthy lifestyle began evolving– “Aerobics Era” put into place new approach to healthy lifestyle including daily walks, jogging, & competitive running as well as bicycle travel– Fitness/wellness industry boom• Some 22,000 companies & non-profit organizations run some 30,000 fitness/recreation centers with combined annual revenue of $23 billion (leading to jobs in fitness industry)Distinction of Subdisciplines:• Another major influence on direction of physical education has been development of academic discipline of Kinesiology– 1960s-1980s saw development of series of specialized research fields that joined together under umbrella term Kinesiology – In early 1980s, Exercise Physiology was the first to “split” & began to identify itself with new focus separate from PE called, Exercise Science• Under Kinesiology umbrella term, have many subdisciplines:– Exercise Science– Anatomy/physiology– Biomechanics– Motor development/control/learning– Sport psychology– Sport pedagogy—the science of teaching physical education• Each has helped substantially increase our knowledge of various aspects of physical education, fitness & sport• Although each subdicipline has helped increase our knowledge of various aspects of physical education, fitness & sport, it is only sport pedagogy that is specifically concerned with the further development of physical education as a school subjectSport Pedagogy: What is pedagogy?– The science & art of educationWhat is sport pedagogy?– The academic field of study concerned with learning, teaching, and instruction in sport, physical education and related areas of physical activity What is a physical education program?– It is defined by both  The content to be learned (curricular choices) The manner in which that content is taught (the pedagogy used) Physical education has been school subject in America for more than 100 years– Most of this time, it was a minor subject– But multiple events, such as those surrounding lack of physically capable men to serve in