KIN 300 1st Edition Lecture 2Outline of Last Lecture I. History of Exercise (Part 1)a. Sumer, Egypt, China, and Mesoamerica II. Sport and WarfareIII. Next Lecture will be about GreeceOutline of Current Lecture II. Greecea. Influenceb. Focusc. Athens and Spartad. Greek Womene. Olympic GamesCurrent Lecture• Greece: Influence on physical education First cultures to include physical activity as primary aspect of development were early Greek & Roman Empires• Greece: Influence on physical educationGreeks developed much of the Western world’s belief about the body and physical education Major focus on physical development and sport• Greece: Influence on physical educationTwo opposing ideas of physical education in Greece: Naturalistic: man’s nature is both spiritual and physical• Emphasized physical and intellectual education• Achieving balance is desiredThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Anti-naturalistic: man’s nature created by mind• Mind held in higher esteem than body• Physical education not necessary• Only spiritual, not physical • Greece: Influence on physical education Both views held the mind in high esteem  Differed on importance of the body Naturalistic view far more popular- Focus on Physical Development• Began to support ideal education as harmony of mind and body • The Greek ideal was the excellent scholar-athlete-soldier Began to include ‘gymnastics’ (ie. a wide range of physical fitness activities & sports) into education Gymnastics included: dancing, running, wrestling, throwing, etc.Not the gymnastics that we think of todayPhysically capable soldier, as well as athletic ability and mental capacity (intelligence) - Focus on Physical Development• Why focus on physical education & development? Stronger military force through physical training Strive for physical prowess or ability Admiration of and strive for perfection of beautiful physical form (emulating figures of Greek gods) Desire to honor gods with competition- Athens and Sparta: Views on Physical EducationAthens Athenians were educated by their families Physical education also had prominent placeBoth mind and body education was essentialBeliefs were similar to our health clubs and personal trainers today - Athens and Sparta: Views on Physical EducationSparta Education was domain of the statethe State’s purpose was to produce soldiers, as Sparta was obsessed with the military Physical education was taken very seriouslyAlso mental, but still focused on military traditions (education for military purposes) Educated Spartans were physically fit, good soldiers- Athletic Participation of Greek WomenSpartan women Common belief was that physical fitness and training were for both sexes Participated in gymnastics and rigorous physical fitness and sports programsSpartan women competed in foot races and other sports (not common in other cultures)Women didn’t look like super models (it was not idealized); muscle and athletic figures were attractiveAthenian women did not participate to extent of Spartan women - Athletic Participation of Greek Women Some Greek women held own athletic contests to honor wife of Zeus (Hera)Included foot racesTook place after the Olympic GamesOlympic were man’s competition, women were not allowed to participate; women had their own competitionsUsed same stadium & judges as Olympic Games• Ancient Olympic GamesHistorical foundations Climate in Greece allowed for physical activity year round Birth of Olympic Games (776 B.C.) in GreeceEvolved primarily from PanHellenic Games Held in honor of the Greek god, ZeusPurpose of games was three-fold:• honor gods• develop athletic abilities • encourage competition- Ancient Olympic Games First recorded evidence of the Olympic Games: 776 B.C.Olympic Games occurred every fourth year (Olympiad)Games may have originated in the hundreds of festivals, mostly religious, held over the yearsStadium at Olympia & DelphiAthletic contests were a major activity in festivals across GreeceA number of stadiums survive- Ancient Olympic Games Elaborate statues and other art forms erected Celebrated military triumphs as well as athletic success Greeks believed victory (athletics, military, etc.) was ordained by the gods Olympia was a sacred location where victory was rewarded Cheating occurred at Olympic Games as well as other athletic festivals in Greek world Financial and material gain by victory in the Games• Ancient Olympic Games Only males were permitted to compete and watch• Married women were not allowed to attend, on pain of death• virgins could attendWomen who owned a horse and chariot could enter the competition—but not watchit• Ancient Olympic Games By 472 B.C. games were five days longHalf competitive events, half religious events  Also had non-athletic competition Competitions in arts, philosophy, poetry, musicGreeks cherished knowledge as well as physical ability (mind and body together was important) Spirit of the games, originally religious, changedGave way to attitude of celebrity (no longer religious undertone involved); pay to playCity states lured Olympians to their city by wealth and material possessions• Ancient Olympic GamesOlympic champions became heroic• Closest thing to a god as mortal can become (prized for beauty and success)• Given special privileges and could make vast sums of money by continuing to win• Received a lifetime pension• Greece: Influence on physical education• Summary: Greeks believed in developing the mind and body Influenced much of the Western world’s belief about the body and physical education today Olympics, still practiced today, were pinnacle of this