KIN 300 Lecture 16Outline of Last Lecture II. Sport PedagogyIII. Physical Education Programa. Curriculumb. Structure/Developmentc. Characteristics IV. History of FitnessOutline of Current Lecture V. History of Fitness (continued)a. Kenneth CooperVI. Importance of Fitnessa. What is Fitness?Current LectureHistory of Fitness: 1950-60s• Numerous organizations took initiative to educate general public about consequences oflow fitness levels, including:– President’s Council on Youth Fitness, later changed by Kennedy to President's Council on Physical Fitness– American Heart Association (AHA)– American Medical Association (AMA)– American Association for Physical Education, Recreation, & Dance (AAPHERD)– Center for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC)– American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) • Formed in 1954• Now the premier organization in the promotion of health & fitnessThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.• Has established position stands/statements on various exercise-related issues based on scientific research • These organizations would provide merit & legitimacy to the coming fitness movement- Two differences between scientific literature and popular literature (test question**!!):o Advertising None in scientific (not trying to sell you)o Peer Review None in popular, but it is in scientific History of Fitness: 1960s:• Kenneth Cooper– “Father of the Modern Fitness Movement”• Cooper is cited as being one of the key figures in revolutionizing field of medicine away from disease treatment to disease prevention through aerobic exercise• “It is easier to maintain good health through proper exercise, diet, & emotional balance than it is to regain it once it is lost”• Focused on epidemiological data to support the benefits of regular exercise & health– Collected data from thousands of individuals and was able to scientifically state that to prevent the development of chronic diseases, one must exercise regularly and maintain high fitness levels throughout life• Kenneth Cooper– 1968 Publication of book titled simply, Aerobics • Brought attention to extraordinary importance of cardiovascular fitness– Founded the Cooper Aerobics Institute in Texas• Developed the 12-minute and 1.5-mile fitness tests & the Aerobics Point System– His work, programs & ideas established the model from which fitness has proliferated upon in today’s societyHistory of Fitness: Surgeon General Reports:• US Surgeon General has issued & continues to issue scientific reports of the empirical relationship between physical activity & fitness– 1979: Healthy People: The Surgeon General’s Report of Health Promotion & Disease Prevention– 1996: Physical Activity & Health• Report indicated the most convincing case to date of relationship between physical activity & health• Served as a national call to action to increase physical activity among children, youth, & adults of all ages– 1990: Healthy People 2000• Established more than 300 health objectives in 22 priority areas, the first of which was physical activity & fitness– 2000: Healthy People 2010– 20010: Healthy People 2020Why is Fitness so Important?• Traditionally, concerns about improving physical fitness or achieving healthier lifestyle were considered personal responsibilities• However, since the events of WWII, the topic has become a public concern , rather thansimply a personal concern, due, in large part, to: – The industrial revolution– The establishment of more sedentary occupations which are insufficient to develop & maintain an adequate level of health fitness– The urbanization of society– A “built environment” that discourages (rather than encourages) physical activity• The “Built Environment:”– Communities designed to foster driving rather than walking/cycling– Lack of public transportation– Lack of access to safe parks & recreation opportunities– Sedentary entertainment opportunities– “no child left behind” school program decreased time for PE in schools by 14%• Then vs. Now– 40 years ago, more than ½ of all children walked/cycled to school—today, only 10% do so– Average American today takes 40% fewer walking trips than just one generation ago– In 2001, obesity (and overweight) was declared to be an “epidemic” by the surgeon general– What is obesity?• Excess accumulation of fat stored in the body – In adults, defined as a BMI of 30 kg/m 2 or greater• What is overweight?– Weight in excess of the average for a given height, based on height-weight tables• In adults, defined as a BMI of 25-29.9 kg/m 2– In 2010, it was reported that:• Most Americans are overweight/obese• More than 2/3rds of all adults & 1/3rd of all children are overweight • Nearly 30% of adults and 16% of children are obese – Most Americans do not exercise• Over 1/3rd of US adult population engages in no leisure-time physical activity• Only 30% of US adult population are somewhat active– It has been estimated that by 2020, 72% of US population will be overweight• Obesity rates of children & youth have more than tripled over past 30 years– 300,000 adult deaths attributed annually to medical problems arising from overweight & obesity• Overweight/obesity is now 2 nd leading cause of death in US, preceded only by heart disease• Comorbid health disorders/risks associated with overweight/obesity including:– Heart Disease– Hypertension (high blood pressure) – High Cholesterol– Stoke– Diabetes (type II) Cancer– Osteoarthritis & other joint disorders– Respiratory problems– Sleep Apnea– Reproductive complications• Fitness, especially childhood fitness, is of such great concern because measures of childhood physical activity & health are predictive of adolescent & adult patterns:– Children who are low on fitness measures in elementary school tend to remain atrisk during adolescence & vice versa– Young children who are obese tend to become obese adolescents & then obese adults & vice versa– Today’s generation may be the first in American history that has a shorter life expectancy than their parents• Costs, beyond the loss of life, associated with inadequate levels of health & fitness now represent a substantial proportion of the yearly gross