KIN 300 Lecture 8Outline of Last Lecture II. Sport in Colonial Americaa. Native American Sportb. Attitudesc. New England Puritansi. Puritans and Sportii. Sabbath and Sportd. Sport in Mid-Atlantice. Sport in Southf. Horse RacingOutline of Current Lecture I. Science and HealthII. 19th centurya. Social ChangeIII. Battle of SystemsIV. Development of Physical EducationV. Biological and Philosophical IssuesCurrent Lecture• The Impact of Science and the Concept of Health on the Theoretical and Professional Development of Physical Education  1885-1930• 19th Century and Health– Health and fitness were fashionable– Major concern of Americans & Europeans• Popular topic in books, lectures, articles• Endless variety of health enhancement techniques – Health promotion and wellness were major components in 19th century physical education These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.• 19th Century and Health– Health was concern to Americans as disease was prevalent• Epidemics of cholera• Typhus; typhoid• Scarlet fever; influenza• Diphtheria; smallpox• Measles; whooping cough• Tuberculosis- Medicine in 19th Century– State of medical knowledge ineffective• Treatments included bleeding, leeching, and cupping• Medicine was administered containing toxic substances such as arsenic, strychnine, emetics, and mercurial compounds• Medicine in 19th Century– State of medical knowledge ineffective• Medical experts believed the state of one’s mind could predispose the body to disease• Health was believed to be a matter of moral character– It is during this time that dialogue between physicians & physical educators began over the relationship between mind & body with regard to health• Begin to investigate and look into mind and body• Medicine and 19th Century– Health reform– Popular interest in health and scientific discoveries– Alternative medical theories and treatments emerged• Vegetarianism• Electropathy• Homeopathy• Social Change in 19th Century America– Period of radical change in American society, including• Emergence of a middle class• Bureaucratic society of specialization, expertise• Colleges and universities became increasingly professional• Began to cater to pragmatic, career-oriented students through specific disciplinary departments• Instead of focusing primarily on liberal arts (lit, language, philosophy, & history)• Social Change in 19th Century– Traditionally unchallenged authority of law, religion, and medicine was gone– New disciplines were developed to house the new and evolving bodies of knowledge• People started thinking for themselves• Evolution of thought– Medicine began to develop subdisciplines• Physical education was one of these groups - Defining Physical Educationo PRIOR TO 1885 PHYSICAL EDUCATION (in the broad sense) DID NOT EXIST AS FORMAL FIELD OF EDUCATION• Start of own career field• Coaching, PT, etc.• Social Change in 19th Century– Physical education (want to educate people; they want to teach and have people understand why it is so important and why they are doing activities)• Sought to reflect social ideas of this era – Specialists trained & organizations developed to determine needs and directionof the emerging profession– Names such as physical culture, physical training and physical education thrown out as title• Physical Education survived as the name most closely identified with professional field & academic discipline - Physical Education History– The “Battle of Systems” was based on early physical education programs using the German system, the Swedish system or a combination of both in addition to Calisthenics- The Battle for System Dominance – German System– Swedish System– Beecher System– Hitchcock System– Sargent System• Battle of the Systems: 1885-1900– Almost all early physical education programs in America were gymnastic systems imported from Europe– Most were formal approaches to exercise• Movements were prescribed and done in unison by a group of students• Battle of the Systems: 1885-1900– Loyalty to a particular system (in Europe) was a way to show pride in your country (i.e., nationalism)– A dominant psychological theory of the day, known as faculty psychology, held that the mind could be trained by precise, repetitive practice• Typical 1800’s gymnasium• The German System  Friedrich Ludwig Jahn– Purpose: Build a strong, unified Germany by balancing academic and physical education– Activities: jumping, running, throwing, climbing, vaulting, simple games of running and dodging– Apparatus: Horizontal bars, balance beams, vertical ropes, ladders, vaulting horses, parallel bars, running tracks– First American application: Round Hill School in Northampton, Massachusetts, and Harvard College• The Swedish System  Per Henrik Ling– Purpose: Regain vigor and national pride and renew spirit with a scientific-therapeutic system of gymnastics– Activities: swinging, climbing, vaulting, resistance exercises, passive therapeutic manipulation– Apparatus: swinging ladders, rings, vaulting bars, stall bars• The Swedish System– First American application: Boston philanthropist Mary Hemenway gave funds to build Hemenway Gymnasium at Harvard College; incorporated into Boston school system in 1890• The Beecher System  Catharine Beecher– Purpose: Develop a system of “appropriate” female activities– Activities: archery, swimming, horseback riding, calisthenics done to music, calisthenics using light weights– Apparatus: light weights, wands• Catharine Beecher– Mother of American PE– Test question: who is mother of American PE?– Developer of Calisthenics• Light exercises for health & beauty• Women died from child birth; they didn’t have medicine and technology like we do today– 1852 founded the American Women’s Education Association– 1856 published a manual of physiology and calisthenics• Women’s physical training • The Beecher System– First application: Beecher created a system of 26 lessons in physiology and 2 in calisthenics with light exercise, all designed to correspond to the assumption thatprograms for men were too vigorous for women and required too much strength• The Dio Lewis System  Dioclesian Lewis– Purpose: First effort to