KIN 300 Lecture 12Outline of Last Lecture II. Early American BasketballIII. Physical EducationOutline of Current Lecture IV. Review of Historya. Women in SportV. Evolving PE over various decadesCurrent LectureEvolution of PE & Establishment of KinesiologyReview of History:• Colonial Period (late 1700’s to mid 1800’s)• No formalized physical education• Fitness through survival:• hunting, work• little leisure time• Emergence of gymnastic systems• Late 19th Century• Physical training, emergence of sport• Transitional Period (1900-1917)• Formalized curriculum• Accepted methodology• Acceptance (1917-1930)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.• PE Accepted into the mainstream school curriculum• Late 1800’s, Early 1900’s • Noticeable shif• “PE” began diversifying its content to include sports • Still included militaristic, calisthenics like exercises but emphasis was waning• Culture of Physical Training gave way to Physical Education• Formalized PE curriculum began developing• Accepted methodology• Early 1900’s • Decline of religious opposition• Immigration – introduced new activities• Urbanization, transportation, and war dispersed activities• Growth of leisure time • Intercollegiate athletic conferences• Curb abuses like betting (1st one - Big Ten)• Comprehensive Education• John Dewey; progressive education• Incorporated play theory • 1920’s – 30’s • PE became an accepted subject• States passed mandatory PE laws• California first• Teacher education developed• U of A first in state of Alabama• Graduate study programs began• Sport continued to dominate American pop cultureReview of History: Women in Sport:• 19th century views of masculinity & femininity highly stereotyped– Muscular Christianity movement provided strong philosophical support for physical education & sport for boys, not girls– Girls allowed to engage only in mild forms of exercise; vigorous exercise & competitive sports considered inappropriate because:• Women considered genetically unfit for vigorous activity, believed such activity would harm them• Vigorous activity thought to be unladylike New Era in History: Popularity of Sport:• During WWI & WWII, interest in sports waned – Spectator sports faired poorly– Major shift towards participatory sports• Youth sport, family sport, informal kinds of participation • Softball exemplified shift– Developed in Chicago in 1877– Required less space & less equipment than baseball– Became America’s most popular recreational sportNew Era in History: Changes in Sport:• 1954, Supreme Court up held decision in Brown v. Board of Education – Eliminated segregated schools in America (for males only; all males play sports)• 1972, Title IX of the Education Amendment passed US Congress– Created framework within which girls/women could finally achieve equal access to physical education & sport opportunities– Lead to explosion in women’s sports (females finally get their equality to play)– 1975, Congress passed Public Law 94-142 – Ensured rights of Americans with disabilities – Eventually lead to development of Special OlympicsNew Era in History: PE in 1940’s:• During WWII, half of military recruits failed physical fitness test & were deemed unfit for duty• Lead to widespread criticism of effectiveness of American school physical education programs • Forced PE programs to emphasize fitness as part of new physical activity programs • Created great concern for research on fitness & fitness testing • Adapted PE took off due to wounded vetsNew Era in History: PE in 1950-60’s:• Article on muscular fitness portrayed American kids as weak (our PE system was failing)– 60% of American kids failed fitness test compared to only 6% of European kids• In 1956, President Eisenhower formed the President's Council on Youth Fitness • Kennedy spoke openly about the need to improve kid’s fitness levels, including writing an article in Sports Illustrated entitled "The Soft American" – Lead to national effort to develop youth fitness