KIN 300 Lecture 6Outline of Last Lecture II. Education and Physical Education in Medieval TimesIII. Dark AgesIV. Middle AgesV. Views of BodyVI. ReligionVII. GoalsVIII. Development IX. Physical Education of PeasantsX. Late Middle AgesXI. Scholasticism XII. Thomas AquinasOutline of Current Lecture I. Renaissance and Reformationa. Cultural Changes b. Philosophers and Educatorsi. Martin Lutherii. John CalvinCurrent Lecture• The Renaissance & The Reformation 1300-1600• Renaissance The Renaissance was an intellectual reawakening Rebirth of thinking ‘Renaissance’ means rebirth or revival of the classics, specifically Aristotle & Plato Reintroduced Greek and Roman thought in intellectual circles Adopted Humanism & the Humanistic approach These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Emphasized: Admiration for the ancient Greeks & Romans  The job of living & enjoyment of physical body– Have sex, eat what you want, enjoy your body– Engaging in physical activity as an art form (not warfare) - Renaissance During this time, the Church had to compete with the philosophies, literature, and paganism of ancient Greece and Rome, especially pertaining to the view of the body Reintroduced the idea of physical activity as an art form rather than simply training for warfare  The ideal of the “ Renaissance Man” evolved: a well-rounded individual who used the body to develop discipline & character – Focus on exercise for fun and it’s different forms– Physically fit and having a sculpted body• Reformation The Reformation was an effort to reform the Church Church told people what to think, but the Reformation would change this– People began to love their body as well as God Old ideals about the body, developed by Greeks & Romans, reemerged, specifically that the body “housed” the soul & as such, the body could not be degraded  Eventually leading to the though that the quality of the soul could be determined from the behaviors of the person and the state of their physical body– By exercising and not overindulging - Reformation The Renaissance and Reformation were very threatening to the church a religious reawakening The Church had become a political institution as opposed to a religious institution in which Popes sought personal gain—not spiritual perfection- Cultural Changes of the Renaissance Prior to the Renaissance, the church was the voice of secular authority Secular refers to matters of this world, like politics and education, as opposed to matters of the church The Church had secular influences on the development of nations urban economies based on trade and commerce thought and culture Reformation resulted in separation between church and state• Cultural Changes of the Renaissance Church leaders told Christians how to live in this world so they could gain entrance to heaven in the next life  Opposite of what church emphasizes  Christian religion emphasized the idea that the human body was evil and focused on life in the next world • Cultural Changes of the Renaissance In intellectual circles, the classical philosophies of Plato and Aristotle rivaled Christian theology The ideals of the Renaissance emphasized acceptance of the human body & focused on how to live in this world, the Humanistic approach These ideals led to important educational changes and laid the groundwork for the revival of physical education and sport in Western civilization Education for individual was his/her own responsibility, not the church Renaissance- Philosophers and Educators of the Renaissance• Petrus Paulus Vergerius (1370-144) Considered, “the true founder of the new education” Humanist Model for education was Sparta  Public interest, not religious Set forth basic ideas of humanist education with the following thoughts on the subject: Education was a matter of public interest Should create good citizens of the state Believed the best way to develop good citizens was to begin at an early age Emphasized physical education as part of the education of the total individual- Philosophers and Educators of the Renaissance Vittorino da Feltre (1378-1446)– Devout Christian and humanist Influenced by Plato– Cited as one of the first modern educators*– Blended Christianity with the classics and Greek concepts of physicaleducation– Believed in Christian education of the sprit, mind & body– Developed health of his students through mandatory participation in 2+ hours of physical activity daily– His education model is the (basis) one upon which subsequent physical education programs were based• Cultural Changes of the Renaissance– The rise of the nation-state also took control away from the church• No longer in hands of the church• Nation can exist separate from the church– The idea developed that a nation could exist separate from the church– “Schisms” or divisions developed within the church from political groups within the Catholic Church competing for power• Cultural Changes of the Renaissance– During this era, Europe experienced several vicious wars• Hundred Years’ War & Crusades • While war had obvious devastating consequences, it also had the effect ofshaking Europe out of its feudal traditions and providing an opportunity for the exchange of philosophical ideas- Cultural Changes of the Renaissance• A variety of other factors combined to cause great changes in the fabric of European culture Including: overpopulation, famine, intellectual curiosity, religion Every institution was forced to change, and education was no exception• Big change in education!- The Reformation• The Reformation, from a religious perspective, moved the Catholic Church from the role of “middleman” and placed the authority of one’s religiosity & education in the hands of that individual Responsibility no longer in church, but rather in society; right as an individual• From a social and political perspective, it led to the creation of various Protestant sects and a rebuilt version of the Catholic Church- Philosopher & Educators of the Reformationo Martin Luther (1483-1546)• Indulgences were wrong: salvation is by faith• Catholic