KIN 300 Lecture 5Outline of Last Lecture I. Romea. The Etruscansb. Ancient Romec. Roman Sporti. Military Trainingii. Women and Sportd. Roman vs. Greekse. Games and Spectacles i. ArenasOutline of Current Lecture II. Education and Physical Education in Medieval TimesIII. Dark AgesIV. Middle AgesV. Views of BodyVI. ReligionVII. GoalsVIII. Development IX. Physical Education of PeasantsX. Late Middle AgesXI. Scholasticism XII. Thomas AquinasCurrent Lecture• Education and Physical Education in Medieval Times (476-1400)• Medieval Times (500-1400 A.D.) or The Dark & Middle Ages• A time associated with knights in shining armor, lavish banquets, wandering musicians, kings, queens, bishops, monks, pilgrims, and glorious pageantry Medieval life, as depicted by Hollywood seems heroic, entertaining, and romanticThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. In reality, life in the Dark & Middle Ages was sometimes all these things aswell as harsh, uncertain, and often dangerous– Organized sport and physical education during this era was, for the most part, non-existent , save the tournament - The Dark Ages (476-900)• The collapse of Rome in A.D. 476 resulted in a state of chaos– Civilization deteriorated and entered a bleak period known as the Dark Ages– Europe regressed into kingdoms similar to tribal societies- The Dark Ages (476-900)– Society gradually became feudalistic, with castles and walled cities designed by and for people desperate for protection and self-preservation– Christianity spread throughout the ruins of the Roman Empire• The church gradually became both the source of all spiritual solutions and an enormous political and economic power• In charge of all aspects of society (no separation)– Only regular engagement in physical activity was work• Middle Ages (900-1400)– Around 900, people began to emerge from the cultural and intellectual “darkness” that epitomized the Dark Ages into a time called the Middle Ages• Although it was still dangerous to travel and wars were still common, the Middle Ages were an improvement over the Dark Ages– The Middle Ages is know for events ranging from the ascetic views of Christian monks, to the athletic feats of knights during the Age of Chivalry, to the use of sport in preparation for the Crusades• Middle Ages (900-1400)– Most early Christians, rather than glorify the body, held it in contempt• Not to enjoy body (sex for reproduction, not for fun)– The latter part of the Middle Ages were characterized by self-denial and even bodily mortification• self-inflicted pain and punishment supposed to inhibit bodily lusts anddesires and in so doing prepare one’s soul for heaven• Starvation, abuse, etc. à felt the need to punish themselves • Philosophical Views of the Body– Early Christians looked upon the human body as vile and corrupt and beyond redemption• Orthodox Christians: rejected idea that body was evil; however, they were in the minority– Some early Christians ascribed to ascetic dualism, the belief that the human body should be denied any kind of pleasure in order to purify the soul• Influence of Religion on Medieval Education– From the 6th to the 11th century, monasteries and convents comprised the majority of educational institutions– Early Church monastic teaching was adopted from mystic Hindus, Persians, Hebrews, and Egyptians– These ideals promoted strict obedience and charity• Goals of Medieval Education– Monks, the educators of the times, were spiritual soldiers and athletes• Their harsh life of hard labor made them strong; thus, they had no use for exercise nor was it of any value to them– Therefore, all curricular materials were directed toward theology (not physical activity)• Hot baths and swimming were forbidden• cleaning one’s soul was more important than the body• Physical activity for fun was forbidden (religious beliefs)• Development of Aristocratic Sport– Chivalric education served as an ideal of civilized Christianity in a world of savage barbarism– The only profession nobility had was war• Thus, physical education and sports prepared the young for the military• Led to development of Tournaments • Development of Aristocratic Sport Medieval tournament became celebration of social order– Only nobility, Knights particularly, allowed to participate; peasants allowed to watch• Purely for fun and entertainment– Evolved from free-for-all event into ordered events– Tournament, based largely on war games, were gala affairs that were social and recreational- Development of Aristocratic Sport• The joust was an event designed to test the horsemanship and weapons skill of the individual knights and was usually the focus of the tournament– Entertainment form of what it was like to be in battle- Development of Aristocratic Sport Tournament included:– Joust, the most famous of period, was mounted horsemen trying to knock each other off – Melee: groups of knights in hand-to-hand combat Although condemned by church initially, knightly sports were accepted during era of Crusades- Physical Activity of Peasants in Medieval Times Peasant (serf) life was particularly hard – Owned home but worked land as rent for protection– Recreation, participation in games and amusements, extremely limited• Physical Activity of Peasants in Medieval Times Participation in games allowed only on:  Sunday, after church Major holidays (considered pagan) which extended over several days– filled with foods, entertainment, & games – Often degenerated into drunken free-for-alls Games of Medieval times less well-organized than those of classical antiquity• Physical Activity of Peasants in Medieval Times Popular games included: – Archery– Running races– Wrestling– Some early versions of hockey and baseball– Bowling (kegels)– Tennis– Horse racing– Cards– Dice games• Physical Activity of Peasants in Medieval Times– Most popular game of peasants was Soule: resembled combination of both current soccer & football• A gall game that tended to be rough and lax on rules• Ball might have been made of pig’s bladder• Played between two “goals” (markets or balcony of churches)• Many versions as local customs governed rules• Philosophical Views of the Body & Physical