HistoriographyMethods of historical researchStudy and booksGeorge BancroftRomantic nationalismFloweryRacistWordyPhilosophical idealsProgressLibertyAnglo-Saxon destiny (believed white people are superior and will prevail)The History of the formation of the constitution of the USCharles BeardProgressive HistorianAn economic interpretation of the constitution of the United StatesHe goes through Primary SourcesEconomic deterministBeard-economic determinationBancroft- philosophical ideasSourcesPrimaryBeard went to public recordsOriginal documentsSecondarySomeone who writes a book based on other booksAll suspiciousFredrick Jackson turnerThe aim of history then is to know the element of the present by understanding what came into the present from the past”What characteristics are common to nationalism and religion?Similar-pridePhysical-monuments- buildings, symbols of religion, American flagAnalysis- SPECSocialRaceClassGenderPoliticalEconomicCulturalLecture 3- Centers and Peripheries“Peripheries, centers, and the Construction of Early modern American empires”HegemonyLeadership or predominant influence exercised by one nation over othersAggression or expansion by large nationsRequirements of Empire *ManageSupportDefendMercantilismsEconomical modelExport excess productionHow empires are started!England makes more things than other countriesImport hard currencyFund standing military forcesFor our purposesCenter (Europe)Periphery (Americas)Colonial Centers-PhiladelphiaFrontier (America)Where did Decisions originateCenter (strategic)Periphery (pragmatic)SPEC framework on the peripheryIntegrate with indigenous infrastructure vs. Create a new infrastructureCenter-Periphery CharacteristicsGeographic dilutionSituational variationEnglish and French get along but sometimes don’tNegotiated termsWhat happens when European end up in the new worlds-trading instead of killing themLecture 4- New World Encounters IAfricans and Europeans Encounter the AmericasOriginal peopleCame from Asia and moved-South and EastIropquois and warnpanoagFormed in New EnglandOn the other side of the AtlanticAfricaEmpires in west and central AfricaSophisticated agricultureSpread of Islam-From Africa into Europe (1492 spread through Spain-along trade routes)Monotheist (Islam/Jews/ Christians)-One GodProselytic-Make conversions-Spread religion to other countriesEuropean PolitiesEuropeNew nation-statesMonarchs/ Dynasty’sReligions influenceReconquista-Spain 1492 (religious conquest)Isabella and FerdinandMuslims and Jews out or convertedPolitical/ religious conquestFormed a new stateExploring New WorldTechnical advancesShip designsSailWindsNavigation instrumentsMapmakingWho went?TradersMissionariesBusinessmenAdventurersSettlersMotivation…3G’sGod“Book of the first navigation and discovery of the indies”GoldGloryThe Portuguese**South around Africa Eastward to India and China***** Modern day Indonesia Explores Cao Dias Da gama Cabral "Sphere of Influence" Social, culture, economically Dutch /English /Spanish-west to new worldTreaty of Tordesillas (1494)Portugal (east)Spain (west)Alexander VI-PopeSpain-Christopher ColumbusItalianPortugal denied his request to go to China/IndiaIsabella and Ferdinand agreed-Spanish ArriveSpanish captured TaiosSlave trade beginsWest to east-back to SpainFirst enslaved AfricansEast to west-Conquistadors1521-Cortes conquers Aztecs1533-Pizarro conquers IncasHowHorsesFirearmsNative allies or internal strifeSmallpox-Spanish Explores…Traded along Arkansas riverAs far up as TennesseeWent past the GULF of MexicoCuba and south of north AmericaLecture 5- New World Encounters IITransoceanic commerceEastwardGoldSilverSugar-Muslims owned it to begin withPortuguese went out to find how to make it themselvesIn Madeira-Northwest Coast of AfricaIn Brazil-Only economically way to produce is to have slavesWestwardSlavesColonizersFinished goodsMusketsKnivesEuropeans ConquestImmunityDomestic animal vectorsHarsh treatmentTypical of the timeEuropeans were brutal to nativeGrowth of Slave TradePortuguese Dutch English Eventually "call the shots" Used for plantation agriculture Sugar crops Wars solely to capture slaves Worse lights of humanity Slave trade…. Grain coast Ivory Coast Gold Coast Slave CoastsCrossing the AtlanticFour to eight weeks Depends on the year One in seven died Chained up Lined in rack No fresh air Destination: Lifelong bondage Some would jump off the boat Colombian exchangeSmall pox Major killer to Indians Wheat Oranges Cattle Horses Syphilis Major killer for Europeans Pigs Weeds Maize Pineapples Beans Tomatoes Llamas Turkey Silver Bolivia Mexico Inflation So much silver coming into Europe they lost the buying power in the currency Encourage people to leave Europe and come to the America EmigrationNew Spain Encomienda system Made it possible for people who were connected or had money Get grants Had control over certain area and develop towns They could enslave people Catholicism Indians exploited Bartolome de las Casas Encomienda system Religious conversion Becomes a Dominican priest Ask Spain…. Tentative of Christian rule "love one another" He says everyone is sinners Spain in the SouthwestMission Franciscans In charge of the church Lived with very little Abused their powers Livestock Produce And uneasy Catholicism Do not have to convert locals to Catholicism-it is only desirable***England: Late to the PartyReligion's influence Protestant Reformations (1517)Henry VIII (1534)Wanted annulment Created Church of England Remnants of Catholicism England vs. SpainProtestantism Vs. Catholicism English support of the Dutch Armada The big fleet Weather Conditions in EnglandChanges in agriculture Religious persecution Reconquista Protestant reformation Martin Luther (1517)Calvinism (1550’s)Shortage of land Surplus of labor-Religious influencesHenry VII of EnglandChurch of England (1534)Remnants of CatholicismConditions in North America **Surplus of landShortage of laborRichard Hakluyt Advisor to the King Spanish are doing great in Americas we need to get in to the game Why… New estates Export woolen cloth Exotic imports Foods Spices Sugar Evangelical Protestantism Spread the religion! Convert natives Defeats the Spanish Catholicism England’s Early Efforts in the New WorldNewfoundland (1583)Roanoke Island Private ventures They