Chapter two – The Research Enterprise in PsychologyChapter three – Biological Bases of BehaviorExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 5EXAM #1 – PSYCHOLOGY 101 – FALL 2014 – REVIEW SHEET, PART IIHi, the final review sheet is below. The exam will have 52 multiple-choice items. The exam is a mix of items from the textbook and the notes. Any exercises or film clips shown in class are also fair game for the exam. Please bring a picture ID to class, a number two pencil, and a scantron. PLEASE COME TO THE EXAM ON TIME! Chapter one – The Evolution of Psychology1. Know the different schools of psychology (e.g. structuralists; functionalists) including the people associated with them. (e.g. Wundt).I. Structuralism This outlook focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components. The focus of structuralism was on reducing mental processes down into their most basic elements. Edward Titchener.II. Functionalism Instead of focusing on the mental processes themselves, functionalist thinkers were instead interested in the role that these processes play. William James.2. Know the different approaches” to psychology (e.g., behaviorism; psychodynamic; humanistic, positive psychology) including the people associated with them. What areas comprise positive psychology? What is the broaden-and-build hypothesis? What is choice architecture? What is nudging?I. Behaviorism It suggests that only observable behaviors should be studied,since internal states such as cognitions, emotions, and moods are too subjective. John B. WatsonII. Psychodynamic; This view of psychology and human behavior emphasizes the role of the unconscious mind, early childhood experiences, and interpersonal relationships to explain human behavior and to treat peoplesuffering from mental illnesses. Sigmund FreudIII. Humanistic; this perspective emphasizes the role of motivation on thought and behavior. To ensure mental healthiness of individuals and develop therapeutic techniques. Carl Rogers and Abraham MaslowIV. Cognitive Psychology: To explore the mental processes involved in judgment, decision-making, and other aspects of complex thoughts. PSYCH 101 1nd EditionV. Positive Psychology: The study of positive emotions, positive character traits, and the enabling institutions”. Focuses on how to help human beings prosper and lead healthy, happy lives.Broaden and Build Theory- Think about when you’re stressed out, this limits your thinking and cognitive abilities. Your attention tends to narrow. Positive emotions like joy and peace will make you more flexible and broadening of emotions will lead to healthier life style. Ex: meditationBarbara Fredrickson.Ultimately leads to LIFE SATISFACTION.3. What areas comprise positive psychology?VI. Nudging: using people’s natural tendencies. The path of least resistance.1. * Nudging is of what area of psychology? Behavioral Economics.VII. Choice Architecture: the way that sets of choices are designed, and the way that they are presented to people (users) is the basis of shaping decisions.Know the different areas of psychology (e.g., developmental psychology, clinical psychology, etc).I. Developmental psychology: focuses on human growth throughout the lifespan.II. Clinical psychology: is concerned with the assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders.III. Counseling: focuses on providing therapeutic treatments to clients who experience a wide variety of symptoms.IV. Social: is a discipline that uses scientific methods "to understand and explain how the thought, feeling and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of other human beings".a) Looks at a wide range of social topics, including group behavior, socialperception, leadership, nonverbal behavior, conformity, aggression, and prejudice.V. Industrial : is the branch of psychology that applies psychological theories and principles to organizations.VI. Organizational: is concerned with the study of workplace behavior.VII. Personality: is made up the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make a person unique.VIII. Biological: is a way of looking at psychological topics by studying the physical basis for animal and human behavior.4. What is a theory?I. A theory is a based upon a hypothesis and backed by evidence. A theory presents a concept or idea that is testable. In science, a theory is not merely a guess. A theory is a fact-based framework for describing a phenomenon. In psychology, theories are used to provide a model for understanding human thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.5. What are the goals of psychology?I. Four primary goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict, andchange behavior.Chapter two – The Research Enterprise in Psychology1. Know these terms: hypothesis, independent variable, dependent variable, experimental and control group, confounding (or extraneous/third) variable, operational definition, quasi-experimental design, random sample, representative sample, random selection and random assignment, outliers, differential response rate, reflexivity, and how to apply them.I. Hypothesis: a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.II. Independent variable: a variable whose variation does not depend on that of another.III. Dependent variable: a variable whose value depends on that of another.IV. Experimental: based on untested ideas or techniques and not yet established or finalized.V. Control group: The control group is defined as the group in an experiment or study that does not receive treatment by theresearchers and is then used as a benchmark to measure how the other tested subjects do.VI. Confounding variable: In statistics, a confounding variable is an extraneous variable in a statistical model that correlates (directly or inversely) with both the dependent variable and the independent variable.VII. Operational definition: An operational definition is a result of the process of operationalization and is used to define something (e.g. a variable, term, or object) in terms of a process (or set of validation tests) needed to determine its existence, duration, and quantity.VIII. Quasi-Experimental design: As such, random assignment ensures that both the experimental and control groups are equivalent. In a quasi-experimental design, assignment to a given treatment condition is based on something