Psych 101 1nd Edition Lecture Outline of Last Lecture I. PsychologyII. Social III. AttributionIV. Internal V. AttributionVI. External VII. AttributionVIII. Stability IX. Causes X. Of XI. ActorXII. Observer XIII. BiasXIV. Gender XV. BiasXVI. AttractionXVII. Physical XVIII. AttractivenessXIX. Factors XX. Of similarityXXI. AttitudeXXII. Attitude DimensionsXXIII. Types of attitudesOutline of Current Lecture XXIV. PsychologyXXV. Attitude formationXXVI. Conformity & ObedienceXXVII. Group behaviorXXVIII. AltruismXXIX. What else is social psychology?XXX. EmotionsXXXI. EffectXXXII. BystanderXXXIII. Zimbardo XXXIV. The power of the situationXXXV. Milgram XXXVI. ObedienceXXXVII. ConformityXXXVIII. Normative XXXIX. ConformityXL. BehaviorXLI. Social XLII. Ambivalent XLIII. AttitudeXLIV. Positive XLV. DissonanceCurrent LectureTheories of Attitude Formation & Change• Learning Theory: That attitudes are learned through parents, media, culture, and peers. • Evaluating conditioning: transfer the emotions from the unconditioned stimulus to new conditional stimulus. Ex: Miller Lite commercial• Operant Conditioning• Stating an opinion and reactions from others reinforces or weaken attitude.• Your attitude will either be weakened or reinforced by your family or peers. • Observational learning• Exposure to viewpoints may influence your own attitudes (family, friends, teachers etc.)• Cognitive Dissonance• Occurs in one of two instances:• A person has at least two beliefs, ideas, values, or attitudes that are inconsistent • A person is presented with information that is inconsistent with their current beliefs, ideas, values or attitudes• May lead to:• People to change their belief or attitude• Change the inconsistent cognition. • Justify their behavior by changing or adding to their knowledge base (new cognition)• Ignore or deny it.• Taylor Swift Skit.• Ambivalent Attitude: occurs within the attitude itself. • Positive Dissonance: between attitude and external factor. Social Behavior: The Influence of the Group.• Conformity: Yielding to real or imagined social pressure. • Asch conformity studies: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sno1TpCLj6A• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uuvGh_n3I_M• Group size (Peaks around 7-6 members, and then levels off. • Unanimity Normative conformity: when you want other people to accept you or like you. • Why do we conform?• To get the information right. • To be liked.• What factors influence conformity?• Presence of an ally.• Obedience: is following a direct command usually from someone in a position of authority. Milgram (1963)- “the effects of punishment on learning”.• Teachers & learners• Real participants & staged participants• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yr5cjyokVUs• Some factors that affected the punisher: • Can’t see the person being hurt.• Responsibility.• Doctor in charge. (Credibility)Why do we obey?• We’ve been socializing to do so for so long. • Helps you feel liked, and accepted.• Feels like were doing something right. The power of the situation• Zimbardo Stanford prison Simulation.• Social roles. People thought this is how a prison guard should act, and this is how prisoners should act according to expectations of their role. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GePFFf5gRKo• Are these studies ethical?• What lessons do these studies hold for how we understand ethical behavior in society? • Generalization to everyday society?• Scandals (e.g. UNC): conformity or obedience?• The challenge of being a whistleblower.• Bystander Effect: when someone needs assistance or help, they’re less likely to do it if there is a group of people present vs. if they’re alone. • New York tragedy • March 27th 1964: New York Times • “Kitty”