PSYCH 101 1st Edition Lecture 12 Outline of Last Lecture II. Classical ConditioningIII. Applications of CCIV. PredictabilityV. Signal StrengthVI. AttentionVII. The Case of “little Albert”VIII. Operant ConditioningIX. Operant ConditioningX. Negative reinforcementXI. Avoidance LearningXII. PunishmentXIII. Operant ConditioningOutline of Current Lecture XIV.Vicarious conditioningXV. Processes underlying observational learningXVI. MemoryXVII. EncodingXVIII. ShallowXIX. IntermediateXX. Deep XXI. Enhancing EncodingXXII. StorageXXIII. Components of working memoryXXIV. Schemas and scriptsCurrent LectureOBSERVATIONAL LEARNING (BANDURA)- People learn by observing others and  Vicarious conditioning; observing the consequences of other people’s behavior. Bobo doll study by Albert Bandura:  Groups of kid.  One group watch someone beating up a baby doll and getting rewarded for it, another group is seeing the person getting scolded for beating up the bobo doll. They’re brought in to another room and someone interrupted them before they had a chance of playing with dolls.  Frustrating the kids. They were brought into another room and given toys with bobo dolls.  The kids were observed and acted aggressively towards the dolls. - Processes underlying observational learning: Attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.- Discussion issue: can we learn violence from the media? Increases the likelihood of being violent. 1. Attention2. A level of importance.3. Opportunity to reproduce that behavior. 4. Motivation to do it. MemoryEncoding- Encoding: Into information into memory/taking information and putting it in a form,which you can understand. Code and put into memory Iconic memory: momentary sensory memory for visual information. Echoic: Momentary sensory memory of auditory information.Levels of processing: process stuff at different types of intensity. The more intensely you process something the better you’ll remember. How extensively you process informationwhen you’re first exposed to it. - Shallow:  Is the word in capital letters (Duke)?  Are there vowels?- Intermediate: Does it rhyme with flute- Deep:  Does the word fit the sentence: Carolina will beat ______ this year? Enhancing Encoding- Dual coding theory when you’re trying to remember something your memory will be enhanced by forming form of semantic - Motivation To Remember (MTR): people remembering things wen they want too. Good reasons too, or motives. Storage- Storage: maintenance of information over time. Maintain in memory Short term memory (working memory) (STM): memory for information in the present. Allow you to eventually transfer to long-term memory. Limited memory/capacity. 5-9 items can be remembered.  Definition: One’s ability to hold and manipulate info in conscious attention Trait-like: people differ in how much they have it.  Associate with other cognitive abilities Reading/comprehension Intelligence Duration-20 seconds if no rehearsal-Rehearsal can keep items in STM Components of working memory *Maintenance rehearsal/Phonological loop: repeating stuff over and over again. *Elaborative rehearsal: Taking info and manipulating it somehow. Visuospatial Sketchpad: Allow people to temporally hold visual information. Central executive: involves the deployment of attention. Episodic buffer: the steps between what your thinking and long termmemory.  Semantic networks Schemas and scripts: mental framework in context. Ties in to what we expect to see.  Capacity-7+/-2Learned form experiment with word and digit lists-More research  Long Term Memory (LTM): - Retrieval: the process of retrieving information out of the storage. Recover from memory- Types of memory codes: Acoustic, visual, semantic.- Types of long-term memories: Episodic, procedural, and semantic.- Types of