a. Aphasiai. Difficulty in producing or expressing speechb. Broca’s area(involved in “expressive aphasia”)c. Difficulty articulating & talking properly. Poor grammar. Organizing speech.Corpus Collusoma. Connects the left and right hemispheres; like a bridgeThe concept of “contralaterality”b. Functioning on one side of the body is affected and controlled by the opposite hemisphereLeft hemispherec. Language and verbal abilitiesRight hemisphered. Spatial and contextual skills“Split brain patients”e. Video: severed corpus collusomf. Things flashed to the right side of vision(left brain), could name itg. Things flashed to the left side of vision(right brain), couldn’t name it but could demonstrate ita. Frequency theorythe frequency of a sound is reproduced by the neuroactivities in the hair cells; the firing rate of the neurons in the hair cells matches the frequency of the sound ratethis theory seems to do better accounting for low-frequency soundb. Place theory the pitch/ frequency is determined by the places in the basilar membrane where the membrane gets vibrateTends to account for high-pitch sounda. Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory(accounts for color at the level of cone)Three kinds of cones sensitive to various wavelengths:(blue); medium(green), long(red)One of the limit: does not account for afterimagesb. Opponent Process theory (takes place at level of bipolar cells and Ganglion cells and part of the visual cortex)Afterimages (class ex: stare at four pts—see Jesus;)Organize in terms of antagonist pair: Red/green; blue/yellow; black and whiteWhen you stare at one color for an amount of time, the color receptor of the color you look at gets fatiguea. *Cones: Found in the central part of the retina; get activated by diff types of wavelength.b. *Rod: DARK CONDITIONS/Periphery outside of the retina.1. Part of the eara. Pinna (outer ear)b. Auditory canal (where sound waves enter)c. Ear drum (the sound vibrates the ear drum)d. Ossicles (“hammer, anvil, and stirrup”)e. Cochlea (like a coil tube)f. At the end of it: Basilar membrane—lining with hair cellsg. Basilar membraneh. Auditory nervei. Cornea: Lens focuses light in the back of the retina.j. Retina: Far sighted when people only see from far away.1. Figure ground: When we look at an image, we use the contrast between different part of scene to determine what is the background.2. Gestalt Cues:3. A reversible figure-ground pattern: can be perceived alternately, which means there are many ways to look at a given pattern.Chapter five – ConsciousnessExam 1 Study GuideHi, the exam will be 54 multiple-choice items. The exam will be on the chapters below and material from class. Any class exercises, video clips or concepts discussed during class are fair game for the exam. Youshould be able to answer these questions merely by attending class. Good luck!Chapter three – Biological bases of behavior1. Brain areas associated with language and types of aphasiaa. Aphasiai. Difficulty in producing or expressing speech b. Broca’s area(involved in “expressive aphasia”)c. Difficulty articulating & talking properly. Poor grammar. Organizing speech.2. Left and right hemisphere specialization- Corpus Collusoma. Connects the left and right hemispheres; like a bridge- The concept of “contralaterality”b. Functioning on one side of the body is affected and controlled by the opposite hemisphere- Left hemisphere c. Language and verbal abilities - Right hemisphere d. Spatial and contextual skills- “Split brain patients”e. Video: severed corpus collusom f. Things flashed to the right side of vision(left brain), could name itg. Things flashed to the left side of vision(right brain), couldn’t name it but could demonstrate itChapter four – Sensation and Perception1. What are the physical and psychological characteristics of sound and light (e.g., amplitude corresponds to loudness)?a. Sensations of light depend on two physical dimensions of light waves:- Wave amplitude(the height of the wave) (light intensity: brightness) - Wave length (color)2. Place versus Frequency theory of hearing; trichromatic versus opponent process theories of color vision; rods vs. cones.a. Frequency theory- the frequency of a sound is reproduced by the neuroactivities in the hair cells; the firing rate of the neurons in the hair cells matches the frequency of the sound rate- this theory seems to do better accounting for low-frequency sound b. Place theory- the pitch/ frequency is determined by the places in the basilar membrane where the membrane gets vibrate- Tends to account for high-pitch sound Psyc 101 1st Editiona. Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory(accounts for color at the level of cone)- Three kinds of cones sensitive to various wavelengths:- (blue); medium(green), long(red)- One of the limit: does not account for afterimagesb. Opponent Process theory (takes place at level of bipolar cells and Ganglion cells and part of the visual cortex)- Afterimages (class ex: stare at four pts—see Jesus;)- Organize in terms of antagonist pair: Red/green; blue/yellow; black and white - When you stare at one color for an amount of time, the color receptor of the color you look at gets fatiguea. *Cones: Found in the central part of the retina; get activated by diff types of wavelength.b. *Rod: DARK CONDITIONS/Periphery outside of the retina.Have a basic understanding of the parts of the eye and ear and their function (and the order in which light and sound travel through the eyes and ears respectively). Where does neural activity occur (start) in both? I seem to be missing this part (parts of the eye). What is transduction?1. Part of the eara. Pinna (outer ear)b. Auditory canal (where sound waves enter)c. Ear drum (the sound vibrates the ear drum)d. Ossicles (“hammer, anvil, and stirrup”)e. Cochlea (like a coil tube)f. At the end of it: Basilar membrane—lining with hair cellsg. Basilar membraneh. Auditory nervei. Cornea: Lens focuses light in the back of the retina.j. Retina: Far sighted when people only see from far away. Near sighted: when people only see that are close-up2. Specialize photoreceptors in the eye in the retina that convert high energy into neural activities. 3. Transduction: The process of converting a physical or chemical process in a nerve impulse. Environment language into neural impulse. What is meant by “figure-ground?” What are the gestalt cues (e.g., proximity)? What