Psych 101 1st Edition Outline of Current Lecture I. SchizophreniaII. HallucinationsIII. Positive symptomsIV. Negative symptomsV. Lack of MotivationVI. AnhedoniaVII. AffaccVIII. GeneticsIX. NeurotransmittersX. Expressed emotion XI. HostilityXII. StressXIII. NervosaXIV. Anorexia XV. Caused by starvationXVI. Bulimia NervosaXVII. Purging typeXVIII. Non-purging type:XIX. TechniquesCurrent Lecture• An increased risk for about 4-5 times. • One twin with bipolar disorders gives the other twin 70% • The genetic components are higher for bipolar disorders. Is highly caused by your interpretation of the world. Your reasons for being depressed are your thoughts. Change your thoughts change your mood higher well-being.• Situation specific thoughts are called automatic thoughts. • Automatic thoughts are beliefs we have. • Theory: • There is a role for neurotransmitter. The primary nerve implicated in depression tendsto be serotonin. • Theory: Inner personal or social activity theory of depression. (More a theory about people who stay depressed).• When you’re less active you’re less likely to have positive reinforcement so the reduced activity tends to encourage depression. Schizophrenia: Common symptoms: Hallucinations: Sensory experiences without basis. Delusions: Odd beliefs, not in touch with reality.  Thought disorder Thought Broadcasting: When you think your thoughts can be read. Thought Insertion: When you think people are putting thoughts in your head.  Ideas of Reference: Making association with things that have no relation to you.  Impaired social functioning: Loosing social abilities and losing  Other features: poor insight; inappropriate affect Positive symptoms: Are symptoms or behaviors are present in people that are not present in normal people.  Negative symptoms: Behaviors are present in normal people that are present in Schizophrenia.  Lack of Motivation Anhedonia: I no longer get enjoyment out regular things I used to. Lack of pleasure. Affacc: No face expression. Medications don’t work so well on negative symptoms.  Genetics Neurotransmitters Either too much dopamine or the receptors are too sensitive.  A lot of drugs block dopamine receptors.  Neurological problems Enlarged ventricles; frontal lobe underactivation. Expressed emotion (EE): how amount of emotionally charged atmosphere.  Hostility: (hostile remarks); CC: (critical comments); EOI: (Emotional over involvement).  StressAnorexia Nervosa: body image, restrictive behaviors.  Refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for age and height (less than 85% of that expected). Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat even though underweight. Disturbance in the way in which one’s body weight or shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation, or denial of the seriousness of the current low body weight. Behaviors: Restrict or stop food intake and/or engage in excessive exercise. Purging themselves. Anorexia Nervosa: Medical Problems Caused by starvation: Low body temperature Low blood pressure Body swelling Reduced bone density Slow heart rate Metabolic and electrolyte imbalance Dry skin, brittle nails Poor circulation Lanugo hairBulimia Nervosa Recurrent episodes of binge eating as characterized by both of the following:-Eating in a discrete period of time an amount of food that is definitely larger than most people would eat during a similar period of time and under similar circumstances-Sense of lack of control over eating during the episode  Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior in order to prevent weight gain, such asself-induced vomiting; misuse of laxatives, diuretics, enemas, or other medications; fasting; or excessive exercise Binging and purging both occur, on average, at least twice a week for three months Self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape and weight There are two main subtypes:-Purging type: regularly engage in self-induced vomiting or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas-Nonpurging type: used other inappropriate compensatory behaviors, such as fasting orexcessive exercise, but is not regularly engaged in purging behaviorsWho Provides Treatment?• Social Worker: 2 yrs masters degree; help you with benefits and paper work etc...• Psychiatrist: MD; can proscribe medication. • Psychologist: Trained in therapy and assessment. 5 yr graduate school program. Insight-Oriented Therapies:Psychodynamic therapy: interested in having people have insight in their unconscious. Become aware your thoughts. • Goal is therapeutic insight and working through conflicts.• Techniques:– Free association: saying anything that comes to mind.– Interpreting resistance: telling the patient they are resisting therapy. Ex: change of topics, cancelling appointments. – Dream analysis: latent content vs manifest content. – Transference: When in therapy the patient plays out unresolved conflicts with others in the therapeutic situation. – Counter-transparence: Reminds them of how people in their lives treat