Social loafingThe tendency to exert less effort when working on a group task in which individual contributions cannot be monitoredRingelmann effect (the tendency for individual members of a group to become increasingly less productive as the size of their group increases)Anonymous social loafingClass ex: pulling the rope individually and with other people.*Why this happen?Diffusion of responsibilityDecreased evaluation apprehensionWhen you perceived that your efforts don’t matterWhen you don’t care about the group or the taskHow do you reduce social loafing?Increased ability to identify specific individualsIncreasing group members perceived importanceIncrease involvement (rotate roles)Set individual goalsSmaller groupsCollectivistic societiesPrevalencePoint prevalenceHow common is Mental Illness over a discrete period of timeNCS-R one year prevalence rates: 26%Life time prevalenceHow many people will be diagnosed with mental illness at some point in their lifeHow common is mental illness? Findings from the National Comorbidity Survey(2005)EtiologyWhat is the cause of somethingPrognosisWhat is the long-term outcome?Ego-syntonic versus ego- dystonicego- dystonic(more likely to seek help) is when you have symptoms of mental illness, but you recognize that those symptoms is not how you typically arephobiaEgo-syntonic(hard to get into a treatment): the symptoms of mental illness are really who you are, you don’t see them as something outside yourself.Narcissist (overcompensation of insecurity)Lifetime RatesNCS-R lifetime prevalence rate for any mental disorder is 46%(does not include schizophrenia) so might be a bit underestimated.Gender difference from NCS studyFemales have higher rates of:DepressionAnxietySomatization disordersMale have higher rates of:Alcohol & substance abuseAntisocial personality disorderDSM-5 changesFormatMultiraxial system removedDimensional assessments introducedReorganization of the disorders (eg:OCD used to be anxiety disorder but now is a separate category)Disorders (some highlights- multiple changes!)—just fun facts, not on examAutism spectrum disorder (previously 4 disorders)More difficult to diagnosePanic disorder and agoraphobia separatedthe sufferer perceives certain environments as dangerous or uncomfortable, often due to the environment's vast openness or crowdedness.Emotion: intense fearPhysiological componentsHeartbeat changes - Chest pain or discomfortSweating - Nausea or abdominal distressTrembling, shaking -Dizzy, lightheaded, faintShortness of breath - Chills or hot flushesFeeling of choking - ParasthesiasCognitive componentsFear of losing control or going crazyFear of dyingDe-realization or depersonalizationWhat makes panic attack worse?Self-talk: I am gonna die blah blahHyperventilation(over-breathing)Trauma and stress related disordersFormerly part of anxiety disorders in DSM-IV, now a separate category (PTSD)PTSD: posttraumatic stress disorderPeople report having numbness; emotional numbing, Anhedonia (is defined as the inability to experience pleasure from activities usually found enjoyable)Usually have flashbackObsessive compulsive and related disordersOCDPreviously part of the anxiety disordersHoarding disorderBody Dysmorphia Disorder (BDD)OCD symptoms (negative reinforcement helps worsening OCD)ObsessionsRecurrent and persistent thoughts, impulses, or images that are intrusive and inappropriate and cause anxiety or distressNot just excessive worries about real-life problemsPerson attempts to ignore, suppress or neutralize themPerson may or may not recognize that obsessions are product of their own mindCompulsionRepetitive behaviors or mental acts person feels driven to perform in response to obsession or according to rigid rulesAimed at preventing or reducing distress or preventing some dreaded event or situation, but not realistically connected or clearly excessiveClass clip: OCD girl thinks everything is contaminated and so she washed her 100 times a day and not touch anything with any thingObsessive-Compulsive DisorderGeneral types of obsessionsContaminationSymmetryDoubtsAggressive, sexual, religious imagesGeneral types of compulsionsCleaning and washing“Evening-up” and “just-right”Checking, repeatingHoarding disorder (A person with hoarding disorder experiences distress at the thought of getting rid of the items. Excessive accumulation of items, regardless of actual value, occurs)Moved from being a subtype of OCD to its own diagnosis in DSM 5Obsessive compulsive and related disorders: Body dysmorphic disorder(involves belief that one's own appearance is unusually defective (worthy of hiding or fixing), while one's thoughts about it are pervasive and intrusive (at least one hour per day), although the perceived flaw might be nonexistent)CheckingReassurance seeking: looking at the mirror, asking othersFormerly part of “somatoform disorders” in DSM IVBDD by proxyApplying BDD to somebody else, involves magnification of somethingintrusive concerns about another person’s appearanceEtiology (of anxiety disorders)Genetics (concordance rate) –in the bookCognitive factorsPeople interpret information in a biased mannerPeople with anxiety disorder will interpret ambiguous info as threateningAnxiety sensitivityStroop testInterference to naming colors also occurs when the words involve some kind of threat: (seeking out threat information)Social phobia: lonelyPanic: doctor; hospital; doctor; breatheOCD: germsParanoia: followPreparednessThe things we are afraid are not random and we are biologically prepared based on evolutionary history to develop fear of certain thingsConditioningA) classical conditioning: acquisition of phobic fearMowrer’s two factor theoryOperant conditioning: maintenance of phobic fearMood disordersMajor depression disorder and persistent depressive disorder (formerly dysthymia—low level of depression and last a long time)Major depressive disorder (don’t need to rmb all)At least 2 weeks: most of the day, nearly every daySymptoms (5 or more for MDD):Depressed moodLoss of interest/pleasureChange in appetite (usually ¯)Change in sleep (usually ¯)Change in psychomotor activity (agitation or retardation)Fatigue/loss of energyWorthlessness, excessive/inappropriate guiltDecreased ability to concentrate/think, indecisivenessThoughts of deathDistress/ImpairmentPersistent depressive disorderSimilar to major depressive disorder, but less severe and very lastingManic Episode (under mood