XIII. Part of the earXIV. Theories of hearingColor visionBased on “additive” color mixingTwo major theories of color visionYoung-Helmholtz trichromatic theory(accounts for color at the level of cone)Three kinds of cones sensitive to various wavelengths:Short(blue); medium(green), long(red)One of the limit: does not account for afterimagesOpponent Process theory (takes place at level of bipolar cells and Ganglion cells and part of the visual cortex)Afterimages (class ex: stare at four pts—see Jesus;)Organize in terms of antagonist pair: Red/green; blue/yellow; black and whiteWhen you stare at one color for an amount of time, the color receptor of the color you look at gets fatigueColor blindness(one of the three types of cone isn’t functioning well)General typesRed/green—have a missing cone type sensitive for either red or greenBlue/yellow—have a missing cone sensitive for blue or yellowHearingAudition is produced by the movement of air pressure waves, which displaces fluid in the ear (cochlear)Physical characteristics of sound:WavelengthAmplitude (height of the wave; corresponds to loudness; measured in decibel)Frequency (corresponds to pitch, measured in herbs???)Part of the earPinna (outer ear)Auditory canal (where sound waves enter)Ear drum (the sound vibrates the ear drum)Ossicles (“hammer, anvil, and stirrup”)Cochlea(like a coil tube)At the end of it: Basilar membrane—lining with hair cellsBasilar membraneAuditory nerveTheories of hearing (how can you hear high versus low pitches?)Frequency theorythe frequency of a sound is reproduced by the neuroactivities in the hair cells; the firing rate of the neurons in the hair cells matches the frequency of the sound ratethis theory seems to do better accounting for low-frequency soundPlace theory the pitch/ frequency is determined by the places in the basilar membrane where the membrane gets vibrateTends to account for high-pitch sound??????Where in the part of ear does transduction occur?PerceptionTop-down processingPerceptual phenomenon: auditory component of a sound is paired with a visual component of another sound, this leads to the perception of a third soundperception can override sensationex: baa-faa; Mr W.(the wind)Perception gone wrongDelusionCapgras syndromeBiological based delusionCan identify faces but think that face is an imposter; the face is just pretended by someone else (will think Kim is just someone looking like Kim, dressing like Kim, but she’s not Kim)—separation of face recognition, memory and emotional experienceGestalt cuesDefinition: refers to cues that help us see the different parts of an image or different parts of a scene as complete and integratedExamples of gestalt processingFigure groundWhen we look at an image, we use the contrast between different part of scene to determine what is the backgroundReversible figuresAutismPeople with autism have trouble forming GestaltWeak central coherence: can’t integrate specific elements into a coherent formPsych 101 1nd Edition Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture II. Temporal Lobe II. Fusiform Gyrus III. Prosopagnosia IV. AphasiaV. Broca’sVI. Wernicke’sVII. Corpus CollusomVIII. SensationIX. VisionX. Parts of the eyeOutline of Current Lecture XI. Color VisionXII.Color blindnessXIII. Part of the earXIV. Theories of hearingXV.HearingCurrent LectureColor vision- Based on “additive” color mixing - Two major theories of color visiono Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory(accounts for color at the level of cone) Three kinds of cones sensitive to various wavelengths: Short(blue); medium(green), long(red) One of the limit: does not account for afterimageso Opponent Process theory (takes place at level of bipolar cells and Ganglion cells and part of the visual cortex) Afterimages (class ex: stare at four pts—see Jesus;) Organize in terms of antagonist pair: Red/green; blue/yellow; black and white  When you stare at one color for an amount of time, the color receptor of the color you look at gets fatigue Color blindness(one of the three types of cone isn’t functioning well)- General typeso Red/green—have a missing cone type sensitive for either red or green o Blue/yellow—have a missing cone sensitive for blue or yellow Hearing- Audition is produced by the movement of air pressure waves, which displaces fluid in the ear (cochlear)- Physical characteristics of sound:o Wavelength o Amplitude (height of the wave; corresponds to loudness;measured in decibel)o Frequency (corresponds to pitch, measured in herbs???) Part of the ear- Pinna (outer ear)- Auditory canal (where sound waves enter)- Ear drum (the sound vibrates the ear drum)- Ossicles (“hammer, anvil, and stirrup”)- Cochlea(like a coil tube)o At the end of it: Basilar membrane—lining with hair cells- Basilar membrane- Auditory nerve Theories of hearing (how can you hear high versus low pitches?)- Frequency theoryo the frequency of a sound is reproduced by the neuroactivities in the hair cells; the firing rate of the neurons in the hair cells matches the frequency of the sound rateo this theory seems to do better accounting for low-frequency sound - Place theoryo the pitch/ frequency is determined by the places in the basilar membrane where the membrane gets vibrateo Tends to account for high-pitch sound  ??????Where in the part of ear does transduction occur? Perception- Top-down processingo Perceptual phenomenon: auditory component of a sound is paired with a visual component of another sound, this leads to the perception of a third sound o perception can override sensation ex: baa-faa; Mr W.(the wind) Perception gone wrong- Delusion- Capgras syndromeo Biological based delusiono Can identify faces but think that face is an imposter; theface is just pretended by someone else (will think Kim isjust someone looking like Kim, dressing like Kim, but she’s not Kim)—separation of face recognition, memory and emotional experienceGestalt cues- Definition: refers to cues that help us see the different parts ofan image or different parts of a scene as complete and integrated- Examples of gestalt processing o Figure ground  When we look at an image, we use the contrast between different part of scene to determine whatis the backgroundo Reversible figures Autism- People with autism have trouble forming Gestalt - Weak central coherence: can’t integrate specific