Psych 101 1nd Edition Lecture Outline of Last Lecture Central Nervous SystemII. HypnosisIII. EffectsIV. Theories of HypnosisV. MeditationVI. LearningVII.ExtinctionVIII. Spontaneous recoveryIX. GeneralizationX. DiscriminationXI. Higher-order conditioningOutline of Current Lecture XII.Classical ConditioningXIII. Applications of CCXIV. PredictabilityXV. Signal StrengthXVI. AttentionXVII. The Case of “little Albert”XVIII. Operant ConditioningXIX. Operant ConditioningXX. Negative reinforcementXXI. Avoidance LearningXXII. PunishmentXXIII. Operant ConditioningCurrent LectureClassical Conditioning: Relationship between UCS and CS- Forward Conditioning (CS precedes the UCS)-Delay of between .5 and 1 second- Predictability: that classical conditioning works best (the whistle) is always associated specific unconditioned stimulus. - Signal Strength: Classical conditioning will occur when the unconditioned stimulus (cat food) is a strong stimulus instead of a weak stimulus.- Attention (think about relative to superstitious): if they are distracted by another potential stimulus or anything that takes away their attention will not create an association. Applications of CC- Development/ treatment of anxiety disorders (e.g. phobias)- Conditioning immune response- Aversive conditioning (think about food poisoning): trying to reduce a behavior or bad habit. By paring with something aversive. - Advertising -Evaluative conditioning: changes in how you like a stimulus, or a product that results in pairing it with something positive and negative.The Case of “little Albert”- Watson & Rayner: You could create phobia by conditioning to be afraid of it. Baby and rat Paired rat with loud noise Baby afraid of rat Baby generalized  White rabbit Fur coatOperant Conditioning: Overview- A person or animal operates on the environment to either avoid punishment or earn something.- Behaviors that are reinforced will reoccur.- Also called “instrumental” conditioning- Based on the work of Thorndike and SkinnerOperant Conditioning: Important Concepts- Positive reinforcement: when applied, will increase the likely hood of the behavior that proceeded occur. - Primary: Refers to consequences that have natural intrinsic reinforcing value. It shouldn’t require learning, natural reinforce. Ex: Eating, sleep, water.- Secondary reinforce: is something that becomes rewarding when paired with a primary reinforce. Negative reinforcement: Removing something negative or aversive increases behavior. Ex: headache-> ibuprofen= you taking ibuprofen in the future. - Escape and avoidance conditioning- Escape learning A response that ends something aversive Your roommate complains about how messy you are You say you feel sick and have to go lie down No more complaining!- Avoidance Learning A response that PREVENTS an aversive stimuli As soon as your roommates starts talking about anything You say you feel sick and have to go lie down No complaining at all!- Punishment:  Type I  Presentation of something aversive or negative. Ex: Spanked  Needs to be consistent, immediate, explained, and salient. Type II Taking away something that’s pleasant. Ex getting your cellphone taken away. - Operant Conditioning: Important Concepts- Discriminative stimuli: Are stimuli which when available or present signal that reinforcement is available.- Extinction: refers to consistent failure or absence to reinforce behavior. - Shaping: Rewarding successive steps or successful approximation of a behavior. Operant Conditioning: Schedule of Reinforcement- Continuous reinforcement schedule- Partial reinforcement schedules:  Fixed interval (think “time”): rewarding someone or something after a specific amount of time has passed. Ex: getting paid once a week or month.  Variable interval: getting paid after a varying amount of time has passed. Ex: no consistent pattern.  Fixed Ratio (think responses): Getting rewarded after a set number of responses. Ex: getting a free cup after the 7th purchase. Getting paid on commission. (Certainty) Variable Ratio: being reinforced after a varying number of responses. Ex: casino (harder to