Psych 101 1nd Edition Lecture Outline of Last Lecture I. RecencyII. Environment reinstatement effectIII. Episodic memoryIV. Mood congruent memoryV. Eye witness memory studiesVI. Recovered VII. memoriesVIII. ForgettingIX. CriticismX. Decay vs. InterferenceXI. Proactive vs. Retroactive interferenceXII. The brain and memoryXIII. Neurotransmitters and memoryXIV. Flashbulb memoriesXV. DiscussionsXVI. Improving memoryXVII. MnemonicsXVIII. Method of LociXIX. Distributed practiceXX. SQ3RXXI. IntelligenceXXII. History of mental abilitiesXXIII. Alfred BinetOutline of Current Lecture I. Bell CurveII. Psychological testsIII. The Mismeasure of Man IV. Evaluation V. ReliabilityVI. ValidityVII. Genetic influences on intelligenceVIII. Environmental influences on intelligenceIX. Cumulative deprivation hypothesisX. IQ and schoolingXI. Controversies in IQ testingXII. Theoretical Issues in the Measurement of IntelligenceXIII. Psychometric approachCurrent LectureReviewBell Curve- Definition- That represents the pattern of performance in a given population. - Deviation IQ scores: How far an IQ score deviates from a population’s average. - From the avg of 100.Psychological tests- Definition: a systematic procedure for observing behavior in a standard situation. Observing certain behavior under the same conditions.- Advantages- Qualify someone’s mental ability.- Economical and efficient in terms of trying to get a snapshot of mental capabilities.- Disadvantages- Interpretation can be sensed as a bias. - The number becomes something larger and quaint the score as a person’s value. - Misuse of psychological (IQ) tests.- Book “The Kallikak Family”. Lower 19’s - Argued that feeble mindedness is inherited and people should be sterilized. - Socio economical can suppress IQ. - The Mismeasure of Man - The misuse of cognitive psychological- Intentional and unintentional bias on measurement. - How someone misapply to use of intelligence testing. - Evaluation - Reliability-Types: test-retest; Split-half; internal consistency.-Are you getting similar performance from the same person, can the result be repeated? Works well when the -Can you measure something in a consistent manner?-Are you measuring what you think you’re measuring?- Validity- really good, consistent test. - Types: Predictive; external- How well will they do in the future?- Most valid for assessing aspects of intelligence related to school performance- Some modest association with real-life tasks (e.g., academic and professional tasks).Genetic influences on intelligence- Heritability estimates: it’s the proportion of variability such as intelligence that is due to heritability.- Twin studies- Adoption studiesEnvironmental influences on intelligence- Extreme environments - Cumulative deprivation hypothesis: Chronic environmental deprivation can lead to IQ decline.- IQ and schooling- How does school influence IQ?- Teacher expectations- Flynn effect: when you look at IQ performance, over time has been increasing in industrialized nation. - Reaction range: the genetically determined limits of IQ. Of any sort of ability. - Controversies in IQ testing: Cultural differences in IQ- Group differences in IQ- 3-15 points- Group differences have been decreasing over the yrs. Fueling the fire- Jesen - Hernstein and Murray (“The Belle Curve”)- Theories: IQ is inherited and therefor cannot be changed.- Majority group (Caucasian) is superior.- Problems with Jensen and Hernstein and Murray’s arguments.- May not be representative of ethnic background.- Normative sample considerations- The role of socioeconomic status.- Ethnic group have more chances of being in a lower socio economic bracket. Theorical Issues in the Measurement of Intelligence- Psychometric approach- Spearman (“g”)- Thurstone (factor analysis)- Crystalized versus Fluid Intelligence- Acquired intelligence or Crystalized intelligence: Intelligence you’ve acquired over time- Fluid intelligence is the way you address new situation.- Street smart vs book smartRecent theories of