Psyc4130 1nd Edition Exam 4 Study Guide Lectures 22 36 Lecture 22 26 3 24 3 26 3 31 4 02 4 04 Chapter 11 Emotion EMOTIONS Right Lef o Right More Emotional Parallel Processor Give a damn side integrates many little parts into big scene projecting sympathy empathy and concern to outer world primary emotions o Lef More Literal Serial Processor Language men are more lef oriented for language approach outgoing contentment more fun loving preprocessing social emotions Stroke of Insight Jill Bolte Taylor o Results of Right Hemisphere Damage Indifference toward condition diminished capacity for emotion in general monotone speech difficulty deciphering others non verbals deficient understanding of metaphor simile and sarcasm Amygdala as Fear Factor o Lateral nucleus LS inputs especially from the vmPFC and hippocampus Ie limbic system response from reading a book o Basal Nucleus B assists LA in sending output to vmPFC and central nucleus of amygdala o Central Nucleus CE output signals to hypothalamus and brainstem most important part for expression of emotional responses provoked by aversive stimuli afer CE is destroyed animals don t show signs of fear Lateral hypothalamus sympathetic activation heart rate and BP paleness VTA behavioral fleeting from stressful situations dopamine is released Locus coeruleus increased vigilance norepinephrine PAG periaqueductal grey matter behavioral arrest freezing vmPFC can come to inhibit override CE during extinction of CER conditioned emotional responses Reciprocally connected and mutually inhibitory inhibit each other Lesions of vmPFC impair extinction ECBs in amygdala required for extinction vmPFC allows for extinction to occur keeps amygdala in check Extinction is not forgetting spontaneous recovery and rapid reacquisition supressed response but have not forgetten it Humans With Amygdala Damage emotion generally intact struggle interpreting subtle emotional cues or complex emotional situations equally likely to remember emotional details judgments of trustworthiness skewed from normal broken sketch radar Amygdala Activity When Additional Processing Required o The biggest increases in amygdala activity were observed when subjects were shown faces demonstrating fear or anger but specifically when the emotional context was ambiguous e g a terrified person is looking AT you when you have done nothing to make them fearful this is confusing and the amygdala ostensibly is trying to motivate the rest of the brain to figure out what s going on On the other hand if somebody is looking at you very angrily amygdala activity goes up but not as much as it goes up when the same face is looking at someone else with anger The reasoning is that the anger averted condition is more ambiguous and will require the brain to engage in more deliberative disambiguation vmPFC s Role in Inhibiting Amygdala Clinical Implications o Holds amygdala in check primary structure in control of extinguishing conditioned fear responses and is reciprocally connected with amygdala o The types of rational and deliberative processing required in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy CBT therefore is believed to strengthen the vmPFC which ends up helping depression anxiety disorders and other disorders e g Borderline et cetera by inhibiting the activity of the amygdala The amygdala doesn t get to run amok and the patient ostensibly will not spiral out of control vmPFC Damage and Impersonal vs Personal Moral Dilemmas o People with damage to the vmPFC are more likely to endorse the decision to personally cause someone else s demise e g throw the injured person out of the lifeboat than are people with intact vmPFCs Proposed Circuitry for Moral Decision Making vmPFC anterior cingulate cortex ACC dorsolateral prefrontal cortex dlPFC vmPFC detects problem conflicts of interest ACC evokes empathy e g do unto others dlPFC develops plan s of action that are likely to lead to the best overall outcome 5 HT and Impulsivity Monkeys o Low levels of 5 HT in monkeys impulsivity and death o Attempt longer leaps from branch to branch o Fail to show deference to social superiors alphas Lecture 27 4 07 Chapter 13 Learning and Memory LTP and the Physiology of Learning The whole brain cortex is connected project throughout entire brain networks of interconnected neurons HCF o CA Fields CA1 Entorhinal cortex HCF Amygdala can activate hippocampus and vice versa Hypothalamus mammillary bodies papez circuit LTP o NMDA glutamate receptor coincidence detector o Ketamine PCP Dextromethorphan MK 801 Alcohol Lecture 28 31 4 09 4 11 4 14 4 16 Chapter 15 Neurological Disorders NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS Alzheimer s Disease o Demographics age 65 10 of population age 85 50 of population o Clinical Presentation 1st sign excessive forgetfulness ie missing appointments failing to remember common words failure to recall peoples names 2nd general trend toward confusion ie multitasking balancing a checkbook memory problems follow anterograde model Progressed stages completely unable to care for themselves Diagnosis death 8 years o Trajectory of the Disease Earliest pathologies are olfactory limbic neurons compromised throughout entire cerebral cortex including regions of association cortex Sulci and fissures are deepened due to atrophy of neocortex Severe degeneration in olfactory cortex entorhinal cortex and hippocampus neocortex especially association regions of frontal and temporal lobes Vast degeneration in major neurotransmitter systems nucleus basalis ACh locus coeruleus NE Raphe nuclei 5 HT o Plaques A beta Stick to outside of neurons Include dense core of beta amyloid protein surrounded by dead axons and dendrites Activated microglia and reactive astrocytes included too seek destruction of damaged cells Secretases and the snipping of APPs 1 secretase cuts tail off APP molecule 2 secretase cuts head off Result of secretases molecule of A containing 40 42 amino acids determined by 2nd cut of secretase Normal brains 90 95 short AD brains up to 40 long high concentrations of long form fold improperly forming clumps Ubiquitin can tag them to be broken down by proteasomes but only at lower levels o Presenilin Genes produce presenilin proteins PS1 PS2 subunits of secretase part of inherited vulnerability ApoE apoliprotein E glycoprotein that transports cholesterol and assists in cellular repair Processing a certain allele of apoE gene known as E3 enhances risk of late onset AD interference with removing A from outside of neurons E2