Psyc 4130 1st Edition Lecture 3Outline of Last Lecture I.Brief History of Physiological Psychology (continued…)A.17th Century- Descartes, GalvaniB.19th Century- Muller, FlourensC. Late 19th Century- Jackson, Broca, localization II. Brain Regions and Modern Psychology, Psychiatry and NeuroscienceA.Listed areas of the brain and their functionOutline of Current Lecture I. Basics of NeurophysiologyA. Glial cells, neuron cells, nervous system, CNS matter, neurogliaII. Four Types of Glial CellsA.AstrocyteB.MicrogliaC. OligodendrocyteD.Schwann CellIII. Neurons and TermsA.Neuron partsIV.Different NeuronsA.Bipolar cellsB.Multipolar CellsV.About CellsVI.Eukaryotic CellsVII. General Physiology/Neuron TermsCurrent Lecture Chapter 2: Basics of Neurophysiology- Glial cellso Support cells in brain, non-communication, immune support, 1 trillion glia cells inbrain, blood brain barrier, myelin- Neuron cellso 100 billion, communication, neuro-darwinism (strongest and best connections get passed down)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. 10,000 the average number of connections that each neuron in the brain makes on average (some make more, some less)- Nervous systemo Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain and spinal cordo Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Nerve cells outside of ^- CNS Mattero Grey Matter- cell bodies, soma, antenna, axon terminals, finding billion of synapses, one cell affects the nexto White Matter- glial cell = myelin = fatty substance that has a white appearance; near cables connecting two areas of the brain; tracks our carrying info between different areas of CNSo 50/50 distribution between grey and white mass- Neurogliao Glial cells or simply gliao Non-neuronalo Four primary types (see below)o Glial- outnumber neurons 10:1o Glia means glue Four Types of Glial Cells- Astrocyte (aka Astroglia)- “star cell” o Provides structural support (i.e. “scaffolding”) and metabolic support (e.g. nutrients and other necessary chemicals) to neuronso Take up (think: vacuum) substances whose concentrations mustn’t exceed certaincritical/toxic levels. o Help coordinate the firing of groups of neurons.o Metabolic support, absorb excess glutamate (so they don’t over-excite post synaptic neurons)o Getting to neurons, nutrientso Help groups of neurons fire in unison with functionally related neurons-Microgliao The primary immune cell representative in the CNS.o Act as phagocytes, engulfing and ingesting potential pathogens and mediating the inflammatory reactions that follow brain damageo CNS is extremely immuno-tolerant part of the body (because of collateral damage- you kill pathogen but also a whole bunch of healthy cells you didn’t want to kill)o Kills healthy skin cells to kill pathogen, then later on repairs skin cells- Oligodendrocyteo Sends out projections, wrap around axons of neurons (looks pink but is white), o Provide myelin, makes it able to communicate quickly and efficiently-Schwann cellso Peripheral nervous system structures that wrap some neuronal axons to form an insulating coat known as the myelin sheath.o Myelinating Glial Cells Myelin is an 80% lipid (fat) substance that surrounds and insulates most axons in the body and brain.  Oligodendrocytes: CNS Schwann Cells: PNS Neurons/Terms- Some parts of the neuron:-Dendriteo Branches, “tree”, covers large amount of surface area, gets tiny little budso Dendritic Spines- maximizes area- Somao Cell body- Axon hillocko Transition area from soma, action potential/neuron signal is created, “spike initiation zone”-Synapseo Gap-Nodes of ranviero Between myelin-Axon terminalso Get release of neurotransmitter molecules into synapse Different Neurons- Bipolar neurons (didn’t cover in class)o Dendrites of bipolar neurons do not branch out much, except from a single process.o One type is prevalent in the retina.o Go-between cells for signals produced by the cones and rods and sent to the brain via the optic nerve.- Multipolar Neurons (didn’t cover in class)o Most common morphological typeo Thick, multifaceted dendritic arborso Purkinje cells of cerebellumo Shape suggests function. About Cellso You are made of about 100 trillion cells (1014).o Cells are the structural and functional units of all living organisms.o In other words, cells are the “building blocks of life.” Largely self-contained Largely self-maintaining Think of a well-designed, industrialized metropolis Eukaryotic cells o Make up multicellular organisms like ourselves.o Membrane-bound compartments for specific metabolic functionso Most significantly, a nucleus containing DNAo Nucleus: (2) Blueprints for entire organism!o Ribosome: (3) Builds new proteinso Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): (5; 8) Transport newly-formed proteinso Golgi Apparatus: (6): Package/store cell’s products; mediate exocytosiso Mitochondria: (9): Generate ATP, cellular “currency”; wards off ENTROPY Lo Cytoplasm: (11): Jello-like “filling” inside cell o Lysosome: (12): Break down food, worn out organelles General Physiology/Neuron Termso mRNA: “Carries” the instructions for the synthesis of a particular protein from the chromosome to the ribosome. o Enzyme: One of a vast number of biological proteins that controls chemical reactions in the body. Enzymes are typically used for either synthetic reactions or for breaking complex substances down. o Microtubules: Stranded protein filaments that form the sturdiest portion of a neuron’s cytoskelton. Used to transport cellular products from place to place inside the cell (i.e. for axoplasmic transport).o Anterograde Transport: From soma toward axon terminal. Up to about 18 inches per day.o Retrograde Transport: From terminal region “back” toward soma. Up to about 9