Psyc 4130 1st Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I Brief History of Physiological Psychology continued A 17th Century Descartes Galvani B 19th Century Muller Flourens C Late 19th Century Jackson Broca localization II Brain Regions and Modern Psychology Psychiatry and Neuroscience A Listed areas of the brain and their function Outline of Current Lecture I Basics of Neurophysiology A Glial cells neuron cells nervous system CNS matter neuroglia II Four Types of Glial Cells A Astrocyte B Microglia V VI C Oligodendrocyte D Schwann Cell Neurons and Terms A Neuron parts Different Neurons A Bipolar cells B Multipolar Cells About Cells Eukaryotic Cells VII General Physiology Neuron Terms III IV Current Lecture Chapter 2 Basics of Neurophysiology Glial cells o Support cells in brain non communication immune support 1 trillion glia cells in brain blood brain barrier myelin Neuron cells o 100 billion communication neuro darwinism strongest and best connections get passed down These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute 10 000 the average number of connections that each neuron in the brain makes on average some make more some less Nervous system o Central Nervous System CNS Brain and spinal cord o Peripheral Nervous System PNS Nerve cells outside of CNS Matter o Grey Matter cell bodies soma antenna axon terminals finding billion of synapses one cell affects the next o White Matter glial cell myelin fatty substance that has a white appearance near cables connecting two areas of the brain tracks our carrying info between different areas of CNS o 50 50 distribution between grey and white mass Neuroglia o Glial cells or simply glia o Non neuronal o Four primary types see below o Glial outnumber neurons 10 1 o Glia means glue Four Types of Glial Cells Astrocyte aka Astroglia star cell o Provides structural support i e scaffolding and metabolic support e g nutrients and other necessary chemicals to neurons o Take up think vacuum substances whose concentrations mustn t exceed certain critical toxic levels o Help coordinate the firing of groups of neurons o Metabolic support absorb excess glutamate so they don t over excite post synaptic neurons o Getting to neurons nutrients o Help groups of neurons fire in unison with functionally related neurons Microglia o The primary immune cell representative in the CNS o Act as phagocytes engulfing and ingesting potential pathogens and mediating the inflammatory reactions that follow brain damage o CNS is extremely immuno tolerant part of the body because of collateral damage you kill pathogen but also a whole bunch of healthy cells you didn t want to kill o Kills healthy skin cells to kill pathogen then later on repairs skin cells Oligodendrocyte o Sends out projections wrap around axons of neurons looks pink but is white o Provide myelin makes it able to communicate quickly and efficiently Schwann cells o Peripheral nervous system structures that wrap some neuronal axons to form an insulating coat known as the myelin sheath o Myelinating Glial Cells Myelin is an 80 lipid fat substance that surrounds and insulates most axons in the body and brain Oligodendrocytes CNS Schwann Cells PNS Neurons Terms Some parts of the neuron Dendrite o Branches tree covers large amount of surface area gets tiny little buds o Dendritic Spines maximizes area Soma o Cell body Axon hillock o Transition area from soma action potential neuron signal is created spike initiation zone Synapse o Gap Nodes of ranvier o Between myelin Axon terminals o Get release of neurotransmitter molecules into synapse Different Neurons Bipolar neurons didn t cover in class o Dendrites of bipolar neurons do not branch out much except from a single process o One type is prevalent in the retina o Go between cells for signals produced by the cones and rods and sent to the brain via the optic nerve Multipolar Neurons didn t cover in class o Most common morphological type o Thick multifaceted dendritic arbors o Purkinje cells of cerebellum o Shape suggests function About Cells o You are made of about 100 trillion cells 1014 o Cells are the structural and functional units of all living organisms o In other words cells are the building blocks of life Largely self contained Largely self maintaining Think of a well designed industrialized metropolis Eukaryotic cells o Make up multicellular organisms like ourselves o Membrane bound compartments for specific metabolic functions o Most significantly a nucleus containing DNA o Nucleus 2 Blueprints for entire organism o Ribosome 3 Builds new proteins o Endoplasmic Reticulum ER 5 8 Transport newly formed proteins o Golgi Apparatus 6 Package store cell s products mediate exocytosis o Mitochondria 9 Generate ATP cellular currency wards off ENTROPY L o Cytoplasm 11 Jello like filling inside cell o Lysosome 12 Break down food worn out organelles General Physiology Neuron Terms o mRNA Carries the instructions for the synthesis of a particular protein from the chromosome to the ribosome o Enzyme One of a vast number of biological proteins that controls chemical reactions in the body Enzymes are typically used for either synthetic reactions or for breaking complex substances down o Microtubules Stranded protein filaments that form the sturdiest portion of a neuron s cytoskelton Used to transport cellular products from place to place inside the cell i e for axoplasmic transport o Anterograde Transport From soma toward axon terminal Up to about 18 inches per day o Retrograde Transport From terminal region back toward soma Up to about 9 inches day