Psyc 4130 1nd Edition Lecture 18 Outline of Last Lecture I Narcolepsy Continued II Neural Mechanism of Sedation and Arousal a Ach b NE c 5 HT d Adenosine e Orexin III What do our dreams mean IV An inspiration from the devine V The activation synthesis Hypothesis of Dreaming a PGO Waves VI Sexually Dimorphic VII SRY VIII Sex Hormones are Steroids IX Effects of Sex Hormones a Organizational b Activational X Males are Special XI Genotype Phenotype Mismatches XII Androgen Sensitivity Syndrome Outline of Current Lecture I Turners Syndrome II Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia III Secondary Sexual Development IV Hormone Control of Menses V Progesterone VI Testosterone Fuels Libido a Males These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute b Females VII Refractory Period a Coolidge Effect VIII Hormones IX Pheromones X XI XII Allomones The Vomoeronasal Organ Pheromonal Phenom in Rodents Current Lecture Turner s Syndrome Illustrates that nature s impulse is to X0 No nads vs gonads Even without ovaries these individuals develop normal female internal sex organs e g vagina cervix uterus and normal external genitalia e g labia clitoris So neither ovaries nor hormones are required to build a female body Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia CAH o See partial masculinization in genitals Adrenal glands produce some T in bodies of both males and females In CAH overactive adrenals partially masculinize XX development o No SRY so they won t develop testes o See major changes in organizational effects in the hypothalamus Affects XY s Sexual orientation later in life 30 of people who have this consider themselves lesbians as adults Secondary Sexual Development Begins with release of GnRH from hypothalamus o Kisspeptin released in hypothalamus and cues hypothalamus to release GnRH travels to interior pituitary and causes the interior pituitary to release gonadotropins Kickstarts secondary development In response gonadotropins releases FSH and LH o Implications for women later in life leading up to menopause In female primates these gonadotropins regulate the menstrual cycle Hormone Control of Menses Menstrual Cycle Primate Estrous o Rats every 4 days o Correlation between size of mammal and how long it occurs Begins with FSH stimulating the growth of ovarian follicles clusters of epithelial cells surrounding an oocyte which develops into an ovum egg cell Follice secretes estradiol 17 b an estrogen o Primary foundational regulator Rising levels of estrogen trigger the release of LH around day 12 This induces ovulation Progesterone is the main gestagen released by the corpus luteum Progesterone Anticipating fertilization preparing uterine environment for plantation Levels continue to rise for several days plateauing around day 21 Allopregnanolone and Xanax o Synthesized from progesterone known as a neuro steroid acts in brain and functions with GABA A receptors which is the main inhibitory transmitter in the brain o Amygdala GABA A is anxiety reducing mild sedative effects o Has a Xanax like effect in your brain Precipitously drop if ovum remains unfertilized three or four days before menstrual period begins Table 10 1 o Oxytocin Vasopressin released from rear part of pituitary O milk ejection orgasm pair bonding especially females bonding with infants V pair bonding especially in males Testosterone seems to fuel libido in Males o Effects of gonadectomy Sometimes it obliterates all sex drive in certain primates i e neutered dog o Effects of GnRH antagonists Chemical castration in humans less of a phenomenon to eliminate sex drive not ethical o Interaction effects with social rank in primates Give monkeys GnRH antagonist in some cases eliminates sex drive but in high social ranking males it didn t effect them at ALL not necessarily a dead end as far as the libido is concerned Females o Phase of woman s menstrual cycle Follicular stage ovulatory midluteal premenstrual Sex drive desire goes up in ovulation stage Refractory Period Absolute refractory period o Cant get another action potential Relative refractory period o Takes larger AP Coolidge effect o Refractory period in a lot of species is substantially reduced when there is a multiplicity of sexual partners Hormones Acts within the body of the individual that releases them Pheromones Produced and released from one organism into the environment only act on members of same species Ex male deer more likely to buck heads with other male aggressive wants to show dominance Allomones not in book acts upon members of other species much less common The Vomoeronasal Organ Called Jacobson organ in other texts VNO AOB accessory olfactory bulb don t overlap with main olfactory bulb of the brain Medial Nucleus of the Amygdala salience motivational preoptic Area POA and Ventromedial Nucleus VNM of the hypothalamus These are the neural circuits for the effects of pheromones on sexual behavior Most mammals have VMO VMO is right in the top of your mouth open up mouth to maximize exposure to pheromones Pheromonal Phenom in Rodents Lee boot effect when groups of female rodents are housed together their estrous cycles terminate Whitten effect if exposed to the odor of a male or his urine they will start again in synchrony
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