Psyc 4130 1nd Edition Lecture 18 Outline of Last Lecture I. Narcolepsy Continued… II. Neural Mechanism of Sedation and Arousala. Achb. NEc. 5-HTd. Adenosinee. OrexinIII. What do our dreams mean?IV. An inspiration from the devineV. The activation-synthesis Hypothesis of Dreaminga. PGO WavesVI. Sexually DimorphicVII. SRYVIII. Sex Hormones are SteroidsIX. Effects of Sex Hormonesa. Organizationalb. Activational X. Males are SpecialXI. Genotype Phenotype Mismatches XII. Androgen Sensitivity Syndrome Outline of Current Lecture I. Turners SyndromeII. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia III. Secondary Sexual DevelopmentIV. Hormone Control of MensesV. ProgesteroneVI. Testosterone Fuels Libidoa. MalesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.b. FemalesVII. Refractory Perioda. Coolidge EffectVIII. HormonesIX. PheromonesX. AllomonesXI. The Vomoeronasal OrganXII. Pheromonal Phenom in RodentsCurrent Lecture Turner’s Syndrome- Illustrates that “nature’s impulse is to….”- X0- “No-nads” (vs. gonads)- Even without ovaries, these individuals develop normal female internal sex organs (e.g. vagina, cervix, uterus) and normal external genitalia (e.g. labia, clitoris).- So neither ovaries nor hormones are required to build a female body! Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia- CAHo See partial masculinization in genitals - Adrenal glands produce some T in bodies of both males and females.- In CAH, overactive adrenals partially masculinize XX development. o No SRY- so they won’t develop testeso See major changes in organizational effects in the hypothalamus - Affects XY’s- Sexual orientation later in life: 30% of people who have this, consider themselves lesbians as adults  Secondary Sexual Development- Begins with release of GnRH from hypothalamuso Kisspeptin- released in hypothalamus and cues hypothalamus to release GnRH, travels to interior pituitary and causes the interior pituitary to release gonadotropins. Kickstartssecondary development - In response, gonadotropins releases FSH and LH.o Implications for women later in life leading up to menopause - In female primates, these gonadotropins regulate the menstrual cycle. Hormone Control of Menses - Menstrual Cycle = Primate “Estrous”o Rats every 4 dayso Correlation between size of mammal and how long it occurs- Begins with FSH stimulating the growth of ovarian follicles—clusters of epithelial cells surrounding an oocyte, which develops into an ovum (“egg” cell). - Follice secretes estradiol (17-b)—an estrogeno Primary foundational regulator - Rising levels of estrogen trigger the release of LH around day 12- This induces ovulation- Progesterone is the main gestagen released by the corpus luteum Progesterone- Anticipating fertilization, preparing uterine environment for plantation- Levels continue to rise for several days, plateauing around day 21- Allopregnanolone and Xanax!o Synthesized from progesterone; known as a neuro steroid (acts in brain and functions with GABA-A receptors which is the main inhibitory transmitter in the brain)o Amygdala- GABA A is anxiety reducing, mild sedative effectso Has a Xanax like effect in your brain- Precipitously drop if ovum remains unfertilized three or four days before menstrual period begins-Table 10.1o Oxytocin & Vasopressin- released from rear part of pituitary O= milk ejection; orgasm, pair bonding (especially females); bonding with infants V= pair bonding (especially in males) Testosterone seems to fuel libido in:- Males:o Effects of gonadectomy Sometimes it obliterates all sex drive in certain primates (i.e. neutered dog)o Effects of GnRH antagonists Chemical castration (in humans less of a phenomenon to eliminate sex drive; notethical)o Interaction effects with social rank in primates Give monkeys GnRH antagonist- in some cases eliminates sex drive, but in high social ranking males it didn’t effect them at ALL (not necessarily a dead end as far as the libido is concerned)- Females:o Phase of woman’s menstrual cycle Follicular stage, ovulatory, midluteal, premenstrual Sex drive/desire goes up in ovulation stage  Refractory Period- Absolute refractory periodo Cant get another action potential- Relative refractory periodo Takes larger AP - Coolidge effecto Refractory period in a lot of species is substantially reduced when there is a multiplicity of sexual partners  Hormones- Acts within the body of the individual that releases them Pheromones- Produced and released from one organism into the environment, only act on members of same species.- Ex: male deer more likely to buck heads with other male, aggressive, wants to show dominance Allomones- (not in book)- acts upon members of other species, much less common The Vomoeronasal Organ- Called Jacobson organ (in other texts)- VNO AOB (accessory olfactory bulb- don’t overlap with main olfactory bulb of the brain)  Medial Nucleus of the Amygdala (salience, motivational)  preoptic Area (POA) and Ventromedial Nucleus (VNM) of the hypothalamus- These are the neural circuits for the effects of pheromones on sexual behavior - Most mammals have VMO, VMO is right in the top of your mouth (open up mouth to maximize exposure to pheromones) Pheromonal Phenom in Rodents- Lee-boot effect: when groups of female rodents are housed together their estrous cycles terminate- Whitten effect: if exposed to the odor of a male (or his urine), they will start again in