Psyc4130 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 7Lecture 1-2 (Jan 8, 10)Chapter 1 Notes Dualism- belief that the body is physical but the mind (or soul) is not Monism- belief that everything in the universe consists of matter and energy that the mind is a phenomenon produced by the workings of the nervous system Conscious- simple wakefulness, are aware of and can tell others about our thoughts, perceptions, memories, and feelingso Can be altered by changes in the structure or chemistry of the braino Physiological function like behavioro Communication and ability to send and receive messages with others and inside our own heads, awareness of own existence Blindsight- common belief that perceptions must enter consciousness to affect our behavior is incorrect. Our behavior can be guided by sensory information of which we are completely unaware. Ability of a person who cannot see objects in their blind field toaccurately reach for them while remaining unconscious of perceiving them; caused by damage to the “mammalian” visual system of the brain.o Mammalian visual system- direct connections with the parts of the brain responsible for consciousness. The visual cortex of the brain and some of the nerve fibers that bring info to it from the eyeso Primitive visual system- guides hand movement toward an object even though they can’t see what they are reaching for. Can control behavior without producing a conscious sensation Consciousness is not a general property of all parts of the brain Split brains- o Corpus callosum: largest commissure of the brain, interconnecting the areas of the neocortex on each side of the braino Split-brain operation: brain surgery that is occasionally performed to treat a form of epilepsy; the surgeon cuts the corpus callosum, which connects the two hemisof the braino Cerebral hemispheres: the two symmetrical halves of the brain; constitute the major part of the brain Left hemisphere controls speech Unilateral neglect- failure to notice things to a persons left due to damage in the right side of a persons brain (the cortex of the parietal lobe which receives auditory and visualinformation)o They can tell when someone touches the left side of their body, or see things located to their left, they just ignore such stimuli and act as if the left side of the world and the left side of their bodies don’t existo i.e. flower or clock drawing exampleo Neglect of left half of body, and left half of things in the environment Perception of Selfo Rubber hand illusion- stroked left hand and rubber hand with paint brush in same direction, subjects began to experience the rubber hand as their own (premotor cortex involved in planning movements, was activated). However if stroked in different directions or at dif times, subjects didn’t experience rubber hand as their own The nature of behavioral neuroscience:o Ultimate function of nervous system is behavior Goals of researcho Generalization- a type of scientific explanation; a general conclusion based on many observations of similar phenomenao Reduction- a type of scientific explanation; a phenomenon is described in terms of the more elementary processes that underlie it.o Must first understand “psychologically” why a particular behavior occurs- that is, what function it performs, before we can understand what physiological events made it occur Biology Roots of Behavioral Neuroscienceo Aristotle- thought the brain served to cool the passions of the hearto Galen- thought Aristotle was wrong/absurd. He dissected brains of animalso Descartes- “father of modern philosophy,” mind and brain in the control of behavior  Reflexes- an automatic, stereotyped movement that is produced as the direct result of a stimulus He was a dualist- believed mind controlled the movements of the body, while the body gave the mind info about what was happening in environment (pineal body)o Galvani- 17th century Italian physiologist, found that electrical stimulation of a frogs nerves caused contraction of the muscle to which is was attached. Thus the brain didn’t inflate muscles by directing pressurized fluid through the nerveo Johannes Muller- 19th century German physiologist. Doctrine of specific nerve energies- conclusion that because all nerve fibers carry the same type of message, sensory info must be specified by the particular nerve fibers that are active (brain is functionally divided, some parts perform some functions, while others perform others)o Flourens- 19th century French physiologist,  Experimental ablation- removed various parts of animal’s brains and observed their behavior and by seeing what they could no longer do, he could infer the function of the missing portion of the brain.o Broca- portion of cerebral cortex on front part of left side of brain performs functions that are necessary for speecho Hemholtz- devised a mathematical formulation of the law of conservation of energy’ invented ophthalmoscope (used to examine the retina of the eye), devised an important and influential theory of color vision and color blindness and studied audition, music, and many physiological processes. First to measure the speed of conduction through nerves. Functionalism and the Inheritance of Traitso Darwin Functionalism- belief that characteristics of living organisms perform useful functions. Must first understand the natural history of the species, so that behaviors can be seen in context Blest- experiment with mealworms on different backgrounds (did bird eatit), avoided less where the background contained eyespots Natural selection- inherited traits give a selective advantage Mutations- accidental changes in the chromosomes of sperm of eggs that join together and develop into new organisms Selective advantage- animal is more likely than other members of its species to live long enough to reproduce and pass on its chromosomes to its own offspring Evolution of the Human Specieso Evolution- the process is gradual change in the structure and physiology of plant and animal species as a result of natural selection Evolution of Large Brainso Vary in number of neurons found in each gram of tissue Behavioral neuroscientist- studies the physiology of behavior, primarily by performing physiological and behavioral experiments with lab animalsLecture 3-7 (Jan 13, 15, 17, 22, 24)Chapter 2: Structure and Functions of Cells of the Nervous SystemCells of