Psyc4130 1nd Edition Lecture 17 Outline of Last Lecture I Generally II Sleep III Delta Waves IV SWS V REM Sleep VI Brain Activity During REM VII REM SWS and Learning VIII Disorders of Sleep IX Narcolepsy Outline of Current Lecture I Narcolepsy Continued II Neural Mechanism of Sedation and Arousal a Ach b NE c 5 HT d Adenosine e Orexin III What do our dreams mean IV An inspiration from the devine V The activation synthesis Hypothesis of Dreaming a PGO Waves VI Sexually Dimorphic VII SRY VIII Sex Hormones are Steroids IX Effects of Sex Hormones a Organizational These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute X XI XII b Activational Males are Special Genotype Phenotype Mismatches Androgen Sensitivity Syndrome Current Lecture Narcolepsy A sleep disorder characterized by periods of irresistible sleep attacks sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations Sleep attacks are most likely during monotonous boring conditions and last about 2 5 minutes The narcoleptic awakens feeling refreshed Hypothalamus Fairly rare in humans about 1 in 2000 and is hereditary Caused by a loss of orexinergic orexin producing neurons in the lateral hypothalamus Often treated with ADHD drugs like Ritalin or Provigil modafinil a monoamine releaser amphetamines Neural Mechanism of Sedation and Arousal ACh o Nucleus basalis o Figure 9 11 release of Ach during the Sleep Waking Cyce o Ach is released from the cortex and hippocampus o SWS slow wave sleep o Semantic information memory consolidation NE o Locus coeruleus o Figure 9 12 norepinephrine and the sleep waking cycle Shows the activity of the noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus of freely moving rats during various stages of sleep and waking o Jumps up abruptly right before waking up 5 HT o Figure 9 13 serotonin and the sleep waking cycle Shows the activity of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nuclei of freely moving cats during various stages of sleep and waking Adenosine o Cellular metabolic product and a neurotransmitter o Longer your awake and more mentally active the higher the adenosine o Sleep inducing effect o Figure 9 17 Adenosine and Sleep Extracellular adenosine in the cat basal forebrain region is shown during 6 hours of prolonged waking and 3 hours of recovery sleep as measured by microdialysis Orexin o Figure 9 14 orexin and sleep waking cycle o Shows the activity of single orexinergic neurons during various stages of sleep and waking What do our dreams mean Freud Dreams indicate wishes This notion has remained prevalent and pervasive in our culture I could use a dream or a genie or a wish You make me feel like I m livin a teenage dream Contrast with Activation Synthesis Model An inspiration from the devine What are some religious examples The Biblical word angel means messenger In what ways was it believed that God or the gods sent messages to people via their dreams The activation synthesis Hypothesis of Dreaming Hobson and McCarley Late 1970 s The gist dreams represent nothing more than your brain s attempt to interpret random electrical impulses produced endogenously and automatically during REM sleep PGO Waves o Pons Geniculate visual pathway Occipital Repeat o REM PGO PGO PGO Chapter 10 Reproductive Behavior Sexually Dimorphic Two forms or structures body structures Behaviors actions of hormones in brain producing different patterns of behavior SRY What makes boys boys Part of Y chromosome only has 30 genes on it lacking 1 of the 30 genes SRY SRY Sex determining region of the Y chromosome Genotype genetic endowment xx or xy for 23rd pair Phenotype what gene is scene Sex Hormones are Steroids All starts with cholesterol that gets converted to pregnenolone testosterone Steroids go to nucleus and regulate transcription alter or change gene expression which proteins are being manufactures Effects of Sex hormones Organizational o How stuff gets set up in the first place o Permanent o Changes structures in body o Distribution of fat during puberty o Changes in brain and in genitals o Brain defeminization without this process being inactive the thalamus will set itself up as a female Activational o After development of sex organs o Sex drive right now high when in ovulation Males are Special Sexual phenotype is ENTIRELY a matter of which switches get flipped SRY Testes Testes T DHT via 5 alpha reductase o Androgens promote Wolffian System Testes also produce AMH inhibiting development of things like the uterus Genotype Phenotype Mismatches Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome AIS Turner s Syndrome CAH Androgen Sensitivity Syndrome AIS Genotypic XY Mutation prevents formation of functional androgen receptors i e receptors for T and DHT Sexual genotype is XY and testes develop sry is still there Brain defeminization occurs like it normally would T DHT and AMH are secreted as normal T and DHT cannot produce masculinizing effects Born with external female genitalia o Gonads are undescended testes o Female secondary sexual development of body
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