Psyc4130 1nd Edition Lecture 17 Outline of Last Lecture I. Generally…II. SleepIII. Delta WavesIV. SWSV. REM SleepVI. Brain Activity During REMVII. REM, SWS, and LearningVIII. Disorders of SleepIX. NarcolepsyOutline of Current Lecture I. Narcolepsy Continued… II. Neural Mechanism of Sedation and Arousala. Achb. NEc. 5-HTd. Adenosinee. OrexinIII. What do our dreams mean?IV. An inspiration from the devineV. The activation-synthesis Hypothesis of Dreaminga. PGO WavesVI. Sexually DimorphicVII. SRYVIII. Sex Hormones are SteroidsIX. Effects of Sex Hormonesa. OrganizationalThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.b. Activational X. Males are SpecialXI. Genotype Phenotype Mismatches XII. Androgen Sensitivity Syndrome Current Lecture Narcolepsy- A sleep disorder characterized by periods of irresistible sleep, attacks, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations- Sleep attacks are most likely during monotonous, boring conditions and last about 2-5 minutes.- The narcoleptic awakens feeling refreshed. - Hypothalamus - Fairly rare in humans—about 1 in 2000—and is hereditary- Caused by a loss of orexinergic (orexin-producing) neurons in the lateral hypothalamus- Often treated with ADHD drugs like Ritalin or Provigil (modafinil), a monoamine releaser (amphetamines) Neural Mechanism of Sedation and Arousal: - ACho Nucleus basalis o Figure 9.11- release of Ach during the Sleep Waking Cyceo Ach is released from the cortex and hippocampuso SWS= slow-wave sleep o Semantic information, memory consolidation- NEo Locus coeruleuso Figure 9.12- norepinephrine and the sleep waking cycle Shows the activity of the noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus of freely moving rats during various stages of sleep and wakingo Jumps up abruptly right before waking up- 5-HTo Figure 9.13- serotonin and the sleep waking cycle Shows the activity of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nuclei of freely moving cats during various stages of sleep and waking - Adenosineo Cellular metabolic product and a neurotransmittero Longer your awake and more mentally active, the higher the adenosine o Sleep inducing effecto Figure 9.17- Adenosine and Sleep Extracellular adenosine in the cat basal forebrain region is shown during 6hours of prolonged waking and 3 hours of recovery sleep, as measured bymicrodialysis- Orexino Figure 9.14- orexin and sleep waking cycleo Shows the activity of single orexinergic neurons during various stages of sleep and waking What do our dreams mean?- Freud: Dreams indicate wishes- This notion has remained prevalent and pervasive in our culture:- “I could use a dream or a genie or a wish…”- “You-make-me-feel like I’m livin’ a-teenage-dream…”- Contrast with Activation-Synthesis Model “An inspiration from the devine”- What are some religious examples?- The Biblical word “angel” means “messenger.” - In what ways was it believed that God (or the gods) sent messages to people via their dreams? The activation-synthesis Hypothesis of Dreaming - Hobson and McCarley: Late 1970’s- The gist: dreams represent nothing more than your brain’s attempt to interpret random electrical impulses produced endogenously and automatically during REM sleep. - PGO Waves o Pons—Geniculate (visual pathway)—Occipital, Repeat. o REM- PGO-PGO-PGOChapter 10- Reproductive Behavior Sexually Dimorphic- Two forms or structures (body structures)- Behaviors: actions of hormones in brain producing different patterns of behavior SRY- What makes boys boys- Part of Y chromosome (only has 30 genes on it- lacking)- 1 of the 30 genes = SRY- SRY= Sex determining region of the Y chromosome- Genotype: genetic endowment (xx or xy for 23rd pair)- Phenotype: what gene is scene Sex Hormones are Steroids - All starts with cholesterol that gets converted to pregnenolone testosterone - Steroids go to nucleus and regulate transcription (alter or change gene expression, whichproteins are being manufactures ) Effects of Sex hormones - Organizationalo How stuff gets set up in the first placeo Permanent o Changes structures in bodyo Distribution of fat during puberty o Changes in brain and in genitals o Brain defeminization- without this process being inactive, the thalamus will set itself up as a female- Activationalo After development of sex organso Sex drive right now (high when in ovulation) Males are Special- Sexual phenotype is ENTIRELY a matter of which switches get flipped- SRY Testes- Testes T & DHT (via 5-alpha-reductase)o Androgens promote Wolffian System- Testes also produce AMH (inhibiting development of things like the uterus) Genotype Phenotype Mismatches - Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome- AIS- Turner’s Syndrome- CAH Androgen Sensitivity Syndrome - AIS- Genotypic XY- Mutation prevents formation of functional androgen receptors (i.e. receptors for T and DHT)- Sexual genotype is XY, and testes develop (sry is still there)- Brain defeminization occurs like it normally would- T, DHT, and AMH are secreted as normal.- T and DHT cannot produce masculinizing effects.- Born with external female genitalia o Gonads are undescended testes.o Female secondary sexual development of
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