Mind Body Controversy different ways of looking at the essence of who we are as people Monism Materialistic monism explains that matter and energy explain everything in the universe ex protons neutrons electrons etc he believed that us us is made up of particles and no extraneous spirit or soul Dualism explains that mind and body are separate ex mind spirit and soul are all separate from the body What makes us us You are matter and nothing else Uses materialist monism Dualism causes different ways to work with material body and non physical essence Know what those terms mean Know about Hippocrates vs Aristotle Hippocrates believes the brain controls sensation and perception thoughts emotion morality and behavior He believe that the brain rules of all this Aristotle believed that the brain keeps the passions of the heart in check by cooling the blood he just thought of it as a radiator for the blood he believed that emotions were located in the heart Decartes believed universe was wound up by God but at some point in time the universe became operated by mechanical laws He believed a non human life is governed by reflexes without any conscious experience Humans are gifted with a conscience by God He was a dualist who proposed that nonphysical body and spiritual essence interacts in the pineal gland of the brain he thought the pineal gland recieved input from the spirits and it sent hydraulic fluid through the ventricles causing muscle contraction Know the idea of hydraulics model Brain ventricles contract to squeeze CSF through the nerves to ultimately make the muscles move Basically contraction of ventricles made things move he thought that animals moved due to reflexes and that god gave humans consciousness to move He believed the pineal gland was point of contact between the spiritual realm and physical realm Galvani shows hydraluics model is incorrect Paul Broca identifies the seat of articulate language i e the ability to articulate words in a region of the brain known as the left frontal operculum Left frontal lobe Significance of Brocas area which is for the articulation of speech This region was damaged by neurosyphilis in a patient named Leborgne who upon admission to the hospital was able to say only Tan Tans brocas area was messed up and that s why he couldn t articulate anything Tans euphasia is expressive Brocas Ephasia expressive ephasia They can understand what is going on but they cannot articulate They use telegraphic speech They say um a lot Tans brain showed strong evidence for localization Localization discreet area controls other areas Specific brain regions control specific cognitive emotional and motor functions Tan s phasia helped provide evidence for this concept Evolution gene change across generations JUST KNOW Systematic change across species gene pool across generations its all about different genes do not mix with natural selection Natural Selection Darwins idea but this is not evolution Survival of the fittest the way evolution proceeds is through natural selection Random Mutations that occur across generations in a human Mutations fuel the raw material to select for or against different type of things Genotype and Phenotype The bottom line in terms why things selected for or against This is the NON RANDOM PART OF NATURAL SELECTION It is survival but MORE IMPORTANTLY reproduction How successfully will that organism be in passing traits It s the driving mechanism of evolution Mutations are the raw material causing changes in different aspects of the physical body Then Natural Selection filters out the members of the population who do not have optimal characteristics to survive reproduce The mutation part is random the selection part is entirely NON random it s absolutely systematic The savings part refers to the fact that survival and reproduction are successes in the currency of evolution so organisms that survive and pass along their genes through reproduction pass along the genes favorable to survival and reproduction the successful outcomes are therefore preserved across generations until they permeate the species gene pool Encephalization quotient strong postive correlation of scatter plot Point is that it is a way to look at predicted brain mass based on that predicted body mass Expected brain size versus actual brain size The human have the highest eq of all species 7x CNS is the central nervous system Oligodendrocytes are mylenated cells for CNS CNS is made of brain and spinal chord ONLY Structure and function of CNS neurons What does the basic neuron look like Dendrites send electro stimulation from outside neurons to the soma or cell body It increases the surface area They conduct impulses axon hillock is located at the end of the soma and controls the firing of the neuron If the total strength of the signal exceeds the threshold limit of the axon hillock the structure will fire a signal known as an action potential down the axon There is only one in neurons and is the spike initiation zone where the action potential starts it is the hill part that locks the cell body to the axon axon terminal send signal to other neurons or to various parts of the body by conducting electrical impluses with the use of nuerotransmitters axon the larger the axon the faster it transmits information conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body to the terminal axon myelin outgrowth of glial cells that act as insulation and speeds up the signal process Know what ligand gated ion channels influence the excitability of neurons cell membrane Channels open and close in response to a ligand binding to a channel Nicotine acetylcholine receptor Two ach binds to membrane and get the pores to open up So then NA will flow into the cell This depolarizes cell to give it an action potential Acetylcholine receptor responds to nicotine Plugged into dendrite and open up and allow sodium ions to come in They influence the excitablility of a neuron Sodium channels create action potential They get na to go into the ion channel or into the membrane Voltaged gated channels function based on cell charge voltage gates sodium channels channels Starts at the Axon hillock and gets recharged at the nodes of ranvier As it moves through axon Sodium is being brought into the membrane making the inside less negative depolarized Voltage gated calcium channels Allows the calcium ion in at the axon terminal in response to the action potential because sodium ions are already inside The