PSYC 4130 1st Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I. Philosophical Foundations of Behavioral NeuroscienceA. MaterialismB. DualismC. Inferential and Materialistica) Hemi-Neglectb) Blindsight c) Split BrainII.Brief History of Physiological PsychologyA.5th Century- Hippocrates & Aristotle B. 2nd Century - GalenC.17th Century- Descartes Outline of Current Lecture I.Brief History of Physiological Psychology (continued…)A.17th Century- Descartes, GalvaniB.19th Century- Muller, FlourensC. Late 19th Century- Jackson, Broca, localization II. Brain Regions and Modern Psychology, Psychiatry and NeuroscienceA.Listed areas of the brain and their functionCurrent LectureBrief History of Physiological Psychology-17th Century o Descartes (continued)o All non-human life is governed simply by reflexes, without ANY conscious experience.o Humans alone are gifted by God with consciousness.o Proposes a hydraulics model of human behavior in which the brain ventricles contract to squeeze CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) through the nerves to ultimately make the muscles move.o Because humans have volition—the ability to choose to behave (or not behave) in certain ways—it is reasoned the volition cannot be purely mechanical (how These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.would that work?), so instead must be controlled by the individual’s soul/spirit/mind.o Descartes proposes that the pineal gland/body in the middle of the brain is the point of contact between the spiritual realm and the physical.  Pineal gland: role today is to secrete serotonin (helps you go to sleep at night- melatonin) o Luigi Galvani Physiologist Galvani shows that Descartes’ hydraulics model is incorrect. Electrical stimulation causes frog legs to twitch. But what was the nature of this electrical message and how fast does it travel?- 19th Centuryo Johannes Muller: Muller (physiologist) applies experimental methodology to investigating sensory function and develops the doctrine of specific nerve energies. It holds that the nature of our sensory and perceptual experiences depends on WHICH nerves are stimulated in our bodies, not on HOW they are stimulated.- i.e. the same basic electrical signal does it all.  What we end up perceiving consciously depends on which nerves are stimulated in our bodies Same basic neural signal does it all but depends on which nerves are being stimulated- Ex: visual vs. hearing  Thus, the channel for the electrical activity (and, ultimately, the region of the brain that receives these signals) is the most important determinant of what we consciously experience. o Pierre Flourens: Flourens reasons that, if Muller is correct, then specific regions of animals’ brains must control specific functions. He employs the experimental ablation method to selectively destroy specific regions of animals’ brains and then systematically observe how their behaviors are altered by the damage. - He goes into brain of animal, selectively destroy part of brain, see how animals acts/responds Some of Flourens’ Functional Regions of the Mammalian Brain:- Hindbrain- control basic vital functions (vegetation function- stuff that will keep you alive)- Midbrain- controls visual and auditory reflexes; visual centers (not seeing or seeing different things); automatic reflexes- Cortex- governs purposeful movements aka goal directed behaviors- Late 19th Centuryo John Hughlings-Jackson: Proposes a “functional hierarchy” of brain function (like an upside-down triangle shape) At each “higher” level in the neuraxis—from spinal cord to cerebral cortex—increasingly complex regulation of “lower” reflexes is enabled. - Midbrain- does what spinal cord can do, and does more, control neural signals in spinal cord to produce more complex algorithm - Spinal cord- mediation stimulus and responseso Paul Broca Identifies the “seat of articulate language” in the left frontal operculum.  This region was damaged by neurosyphilis in a patient named Leborgne who, upon admission to the hospital, was able to say only “Tan.” - Patient can’t articulate a response, can respond and understand language though “Tan”, as Leborgne came to be called, died a short time thereafter due to infection. Broca autopsied Tan’s brain and confirmed the Bouillaud/Auburtin Hypothesis by identifying a dramatic lesion in Tan’s left frontal operculum—a region now known as Broca’s Area. o Localization “Tans” case as mentioned above is viewed as strong evidence in favor of LOCALIZATION.  Localization holds that specific brain regions control specific cognitive, emotional, and motor functions.  To the extent that localization is true, functional maps of the brain can be drawn up.- Localization of function; localized to discrete centers in the brain - Brain relies more heavier on certain areas, but overall is collaborate and distributed system German physiologists, Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig, found further evidence for localization- They applied electricity to dogs’ cerebral cortexes and recorded behaviors in specific body regions. - Later work with humans (e.g. Bartholow’s work) replicated the “map” of the primary motor cortex.o Motor cortex, consistent with localization hypothesis Brain Regions and Modern Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience- Movement: Primary Motor Cortex- Bodily Sensations: Somatosensory Cortex- Vision: Occipital Lobe- Hearing: Superior Temporal Lobe- Storage of Long-Term Memories: Hippocampus- Fear Learning: Amygdala- Planning Movements: Premotor Cortex- Decision Making (including moral decisions): Prefrontal