Exam 3 Study GuideEmotions1 Right hemisphere idea – right is much more emotionally active than the left (slide 9)a The “I give a damn” side of brainb Following severe R hemisphere damage, patients often act very indifferent to theirconditions and experience a diminished capacity for emotion in general.2 Right brain vs left brain (slide 10) a Left Brain i Behavioral Activation Systemii Much outgoingiii more approachable iv Happierv More fun-lovingvi Goal orientedvii learn by reward viii.dopamine=happiness*People who suffer damage to left PFC – vulnerability to major depression increases because right brain is the only function region of the PFC, so more negative thinking. There is more negative thinking because the left is damaged, so the right dominates which leads into more negative thoughts. b Right Brain i Behavioral Inhibition system1 plans out goals and thinks about consequences. Injury to BIS makes you happier, because you don’t realize the consequences of personal state. ii More withdrawmiii Avoidance behavioriv Less Content v More negative emotions ( if damaged, you would have almost NO emotions)vi Higher chance of major depressive disordervii Natural avoidance of environment, to prevent bad experiences (fear, anxiety, frustration, sadness)viii Learn by punishment*If right is damaged, vulnerability to depression decreases1 Higher primate limbic structure in PFC – contemplates possible outcomes of different situations (most other animals don’t do this..specific to humans) (slide 13)a The higher the primate, the more likely they are to think about outcomes. whereas, animals would just do things.1 Brain imagesa Regional activity is greatly variable results by specific emotioni Consistent: PFC (blue), temporal lobe (green)iiiii Cross-emotions (good or bad) show increased activity in the PFC and temporal lobeiv the idea was that activity in the PFC and temporal lobe increases in those regions with emotions, regardless of the specific emotion being experienced.2 Disgust imaging (slide 16)a Literally “distasteful”- not “it disgusts me that he cheated on my sister”b Primary Gustatory cortex is in the insulai insula strongly activated when viewing disgusting (disturbing) pictures.ii i nsular cortex also responds to frightful images3 Amygdala- associative a Idea of emotional salience/significance. It is associative- associates something with the notion that it is suppose to be good or bad. b Has the amygdaloid complex: which is the “fear center”i located in the temporal lobeii The sight of photographs that portray fear also activates the amygdala just as the sight of fearful faces do. iii 3 major regions. BA, LA, CAc “Gateway to emotions”: it's that the amygdala receives input from cortical association areas and then essentially acts to "turn on" the limbic/emotional responses. i Example: Ascending input from body parts “step on a bee”, the feeling shoots up to the amygdala and it determines how powerfully you respond to a certain stimuliii Usually prevents negative reaction due to unpleasant stimuliiii Electrical Stimulation of a response: Attack or panic-related freezing depending on region stimulated c. More generally, the amygdala organizes behavioral reactions to objects that have biological significance. d. Emotional salience: whether or not it is relevant to you or trivial. How relevant, howpositive, negative is it to me?4 3 general sub-regions of amygdala○ LA: Lateral nucleus■ receives sensory information from the cerebral cortex, especially the hippocampus. It sends projections to the basal, accessory basal, & CE of the amygdala.○ BA: Basal Nucleus: Assists LA in signaling the ventromedial PFC (vmPFC) and Central Nucleus of the Amygdala (CE). Sends info to CE after receiving info from the LA. ■ vmPFC= region b/w eyebrows, deals with morality○ CE: Central Nucleus Output to hypothalamus and brainstem■ Receives info from both, basal and ventral part of the amygdala. ■ “The central nucleus of the amygdala is the single most important part of the brain for the expression of emotional responses provoked by aversive stimuli.”■ A fter the central nucleus has been destroyed, animals no longer show signs of fear when confronted with stimuli that have been paired with aversive events.”***FOCUS ON CENTRAL!!!1 Kluver-bucy○ described in monkeys with bilateral destruction of the amygdala. Tame and placid which is unusual for monkeys because they are always aggressive. ○ abnormal absence of fear for stimuli that monkeys usually find intimidating■ snakes■ fires■ dominant monkeys2 Situations that require the most emotional processing like human amygdala● Judgments of trustworthiness comes with damage to the amygdala – broken “sketch-dar” (the ability to pick out sketch people isn’t intact)● vmPFC is required in the activation of extinction of conditioned fear responses● vmPFC must be in tact to get extinction from that■ in order to get extinction of conditioned fear responses, the vmPFC exerts an inhibitory effect on the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala (CE)■ The more you activate the vmPFC when the amygdala is hyperactive, it will push the brakes of the amygdala. You have to use vmPFC to stop these fear conditions.○ conditioned fear response: form of learning in which an aversive stimulus (electrical shock) is associated with a particular neutral context (a room) resulting in the fear response ○ Proposed (normal) Circuitry for personal moral decisions: vmPFC → anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) → dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) ■ It it proposed that the ACC enables empathy whereas the dlPFC engages working memory, verifies info, assess response selection, retrieving from long term memory, etc in an effort to implement the optimum solution.● know vmPFC damage – case of the 2 damaged in infancy■ 2 adults who suffered dramatic selective damage to PFC as infants from childhood on, they stole, lied, physically & emotionally abused others, & never showed any remorse. No friends, no jobs, and didn’t care.● Know the rhesus monkey and how it related to seritonin. All monkeys with high serotonin levels were still alive. Most died if had low levels of seritonin levels. They diedbecause of stupid social decisions.The monkeys became too risk-taking if not a lot of serotonin in system.● 5-HiAA: metabolite of serotonin reproductive behavior1 SRY –