Exam 3 Study Guide Emotions 1 Right hemisphere idea right is much more emotionally active than the left slide 9 a The I give a damn side of brain b Following severe R hemisphere damage patients often act very indifferent to their conditions and experience a diminished capacity for emotion in general 2 Right brain vs left brain slide 10 a Left Brain i Behavioral Activation System ii Much outgoing iii more approachable iv Happier v More fun loving vi Goal oriented vii learn by reward viii dopamine happiness People who suffer damage to left PFC vulnerability to major depression increases because right brain is the only function region of the PFC so more negative thinking There is more negative thinking because the left is damaged so the right dominates which leads into more negative thoughts b Right Brain i Behavioral Inhibition system 1 plans out goals and thinks about consequences Injury to BIS makes you happier because you don t realize the consequences of personal state ii More withdrawm iii Avoidance behavior iv Less Content v More negative emotions if damaged you would have almost NO emotions vi Higher chance of major depressive disorder vii Natural avoidance of environment to prevent bad experiences fear anxiety frustration sadness viii Learn by punishment If right is damaged vulnerability to depression decreases 1 Higher primate limbic structure in PFC contemplates possible outcomes of different situations most other animals don t do this specific to humans slide 13 a The higher the primate the more likely they are to think about outcomes whereas animals would just do things 1 Brain images a Regional activity is greatly variable results by specific emotion i Consistent PFC blue temporal lobe green ii iii Cross emotions good or bad show increased activity in the PFC and temporal lobe iv the idea was that activity in the PFC and temporal lobe increases in those regions with emotions regardless of the specific emotion being experienced 2 Disgust imaging slide 16 a Literally distasteful not it disgusts me that he cheated on my sister b Primary Gustatory cortex is in the insula i ii insula strongly activated when viewing disgusting disturbing pictures i nsular cortex also responds to frightful images 3 Amygdala associative a Idea of emotional salience significance It is associative associates something with the notion that it is suppose to be good or bad b Has the amygdaloid complex which is the fear center located in the temporal lobe i ii The sight of photographs that portray fear also activates the amygdala just as the sight of fearful faces do iii 3 major regions BA LA CA c Gateway to emotions it s that the amygdala receives input from cortical association areas and then essentially acts to turn on the limbic emotional responses i Example Ascending input from body parts step on a bee the feeling shoots up to the amygdala and it determines how powerfully you respond to a certain stimuli ii Usually prevents negative reaction due to unpleasant stimuli iii Electrical Stimulation of a response Attack or panic related freezing depending on region stimulated c More generally the amygdala organizes behavioral reactions to objects that have biological significance d Emotional salience whether or not it is relevant to you or trivial How relevant how positive negative is it to me 4 3 general sub regions of amygdala LA Lateral nucleus receives sensory information from the cerebral cortex especially the hippocampus It sends projections to the basal accessory basal CE of the amygdala BA Basal Nucleus Assists LA in signaling the ventromedial PFC vmPFC and Central Nucleus of the Amygdala CE Sends info to CE after receiving info from the LA vmPFC region b w eyebrows deals with morality CE Central Nucleus Output to hypothalamus and brainstem Receives info from both basal and ventral part of the amygdala The central nucleus of the amygdala is the single most important part of the brain for the expression of emotional responses provoked by aversive stimuli A fter the central nucleus has been destroyed animals no longer show signs of fear when confronted with stimuli that have been paired with aversive events FOCUS ON CENTRAL 1 Kluver bucy described in monkeys with bilateral destruction of the amygdala Tame and placid which is unusual for monkeys because they are always aggressive abnormal absence of fear for stimuli that monkeys usually find intimidating snakes fires dominant monkeys 2 Situations that require the most emotional processing like human amygdala Judgments of trustworthiness comes with damage to the amygdala sketch dar the ability to pick out sketch people isn t intact broken vmPFC is required in the activation of extinction of conditioned fear responses vmPFC must be in tact to get extinction from that in order to get extinction of conditioned fear responses the vmPFC exerts an inhibitory effect on the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala CE The more you activate the vmPFC when the amygdala is hyperactive it will push the brakes of the amygdala You have to use vmPFC to stop these fear conditions conditioned fear response form of learning in which an aversive stimulus electrical shock is associated with a particular neutral context a room resulting in the fear response Proposed normal Circuitry for personal moral decisions vmPFC anterior cingulate cortex ACC dorsolateral prefrontal cortex dlPFC It it proposed that the ACC enables empathy whereas the dlPFC engages working memory verifies info assess response selection retrieving from long term memory etc in an effort to implement the optimum solution know vmPFC damage case of the 2 damaged in infancy 2 adults who suffered dramatic selective damage to PFC as infants from childhood on they stole lied physically emotionally abused others never showed any remorse No friends no jobs and didn t care Know the rhesus monkey and how it related to seritonin All monkeys with high serotonin levels were still alive Most died if had low levels of seritonin levels They died because of stupid social decisions The monkeys became too risk taking if not a lot of serotonin in system 5 HiAA metabolite of serotonin reproductive behavior 1 SRY sex determining region of the Y chromosome i More specifically it is the segment of the y chromosome in the 23rd pair a Tissue becoming the penis or clitoris is the same b If SRY becomes active only in gonads they will turn into testes and produce testosterone and DHT ii SRY becomes active around 6 or 7 weeks after