Psyc4130 1nd Edition Lecture 31 Outline of Last Lecture I. PsychosisII. Psychotic ConditionsIII. Schizophreniaa. Demographicsb. Adolescence and OnsetIV. Symptomologya. Hallucinationsb. Delusionsc. Thought Disordersd. Negative SymptomsOutline of Current Lecture I. SchizophreniaII. HallucinationIII. Cognitive SymptomsIV. EtiologyV. Etiology FactorsVI. Brain Abnormalities Current Lecture Schizophrenia - Figure 16.8- age at first sign of psychotic symptoms in schizophrenic patients Hallucinations - Perceptions not based on physical stimulation of the sensory system(s). - Auditory is the most common- Visual is not so common (unlike in movies)- May occur in ANY sensory modality. Cognitive Symptoms- Attention deficit- Low psychomotor speed- Deficiencies in Learning and Memory- Poor Abstract Thinking- Poor Problem-Solving Abilities- Cognitive and negative symptoms appear to be attributable to deficiencies in the same brain regions.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex- very involved with working memory (cog deliberation)- Cognitive and negative symptoms appear to be attributable to deficiencies in the same brain regions.- Figure 16.9 Discordant means 1 twin is diagnosed with schizo and the other isn’t- Figure 16.10 Hypofrontality in Schizophrenia o Failing to engage neural machinery required toe execute these cognitively demanding tasks (cant bring neurons online, or muster up neural energy to complete the task that requires focused attention) Etiology- Genes/Nature:- No “schizophrenia gene”- Polygenico Multiple genes- Roughly 50% concordance for MZ twins- Stress-Diathesiso Diathesis = individual variability/level of susceptibility due to genetic factors - Figure 16.1 Heredity and Schizophrenia - Figure 16.7 monozygotic twins = inner uterine environment Etiology Factors - Pathogens and Immune Factorso In utero exposure to viruseso Seasonality effect- driven by cold/flue season Immune system and sensitivity is getting into the brain, and affecting connections in fetus’s braino Vitamin D deficiency Dark-skinned + growing up far from equator = L - Birth (Perinatal) Complicationso LBWo Rh Incompatibilityo Emergency C-Sectiono Preeclampsia Aka toxemia: hypertension, edema, protein in urineo Most significant factor is hypoxia deprivation during the birthing process Brain abnormalities- Ventricular enlargement (in schizo)- Accelerated loss of cortical gray matter- Figure 16.6 MRI scans of brains of twins- Figure 16.9 cortical gray matter in schizo
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