Psyc4130 1nd EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 8 - 14Lecture 8-11 (1/31, 2/03, 2/05, 2/07)Structure of the Nervous System Ch 3  Basic features of the nervous systemo An overview Anterior: located near towards or towards the head Posterior: located near or toward the tail Rostral: toward the beak (front of the face) Caudal: toward the tail (away from the face) Dorsal: toward the back Ventral: toward the belly Lateral: toward the side of the body, away from the middle Medial: toward the middle, away from the side Sagittal section: slice through the brain parallel to the neuraxis and perpendicular to the ground  Midsagittal plane: the plan through the neuraxis perpendicular to the ground, divides the brain into two symmetrical halveso Meninges The 3 layers of tissue that encase the CNS: the dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and pia matter- Dura mater: the outermost of the meninges; tough and flexible- Arachnoid membrane: middle layer, located between the outer dura and inner pia- Pia mater: the layer that clings to the surface of the brain; thin and delicate - Subarachnoid space: the fluid filled space that cushions the brain; locatedbetween the arachnoid membrane and the pia o The Ventricular System and Production of CSF Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): a clear fluid, similar to blood plasma that fills the ventricle system of the brain and the subarachnoid space surround the brain andspinal cord Ventricle: one of the hollow spaces witihin the brain, filled with CSF Later ventricle: one of the 2 ventricles located in the center of the telencephalon Third ventricle: ventricle located in center of diencephalon Fourth ventricle: located b/w cerebellum and the dorsal pons, in center of metencephalon Choroid plexus: the highly vascular tissue that protrudes into the ventricles and produces CSFo Section summary- pg 74 of book CNSo Development of CNS Development of human nervous system begins around 18th day after conception. Part of the ectoderm (outer layer) of the back of the embryo thickens and forms a plateNeural tube: hollow tube, closed at the rostral end, that forms the ectodermal tissue early in embryonic development serves as the origin of the CNS. Forms by the 21st day, gives rise to brain and spinal cord. Top part of ridges break away from the neural tube and become ganglia of the autonomic nervous system.Cerebral Cortex: the outermost layer of grey matter of the cerebral hemisphere “bark”, develops from the inside outRadial glia: special glia with fibers that grow radially outward from the ventricular zone to the surface of the cortex; provide guidance for neurons migrating outward during brain developmentNeurogenesis: production of new neurons through the division of neural stem cells; occurs in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb and appears to play a role in learningo Forebrain The most rostral of the 3 major divisions of the brain: includes telencephalon and diencephalon Sulcus: groove in the surface of the cerebral hemi, smaller than a fissure Gyrus: a convolution of the cortex of the cerebral hemi, separated by sulci or fissures Primary motor cortex: the region of the posterior frontal lobe that contains neurons that control movements of skeletal muscles. Neurons are connected to muscles in different parts of the body (keyboard of a piano) Front lobe: anterior portion of cerebral cortex, rostral to the parietal lobe and dorsal to temporal  Parietal lobe: the “wall” Temporal lobe: the “temple” juts forward at the base of the brain, ventral to the frontal and parietal lobes Occipital lobe: “in back of head,” lies at the back of the brain Neocortex: “new” cortex because it is of relatively recent evolutionary origin, includes the primary sensory cortex, primary motor cortex, and association cortex  Cingulate gyrus: a strip of limbic cortex lying along the lateral walls of the grooveseparating the cerebral hemispheres, just above the corpus callosum Limbic system: includes anterior thalamic nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, limbic cortex, and parts of the hypothalamus and other interconnecting fiber bundles Temporal lobe:- Hippocampus: forebrain structure in the temporal lobe, the “sea horse,” heart of emotion and the consolidation of declarative memories- Amygdala: structure in the interior of the rostral temporal lobe, containing a set of nuclei; part of limbic system, the “almond”; fear factor,kulver bucy, emotions, aggression,o Capgras delusion: Traumatic brain injury resulted in some of the axons connected to the amygdala broken. Basal ganglia: group of subcortical nuclei in the telencephalone, important parts of the motor system, involved in the control of movement Diencephalon: - ^A region of the forebrain surrounding the 3rd ventricle; includes thalamus and hypothalamus- Thalamus: largest portion of ^; contains nuclei that project info to specific regions of the cerebral cortex and receive info from it, “inner chambers”; brains relay center, pain, touch- Hypothalamus: lies at the base of the brain under the thalamus. Controls autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system and organizes behaviors related to survival: fighting, feeding, fleeing, and mating o Pituitary gland: hormones o Midbrain (brainstem) Also called the mesencephalon, surrounds the cerebral aqueduct and consists of two major parts: the tectum and tegmentum Reticular formation: a large network of neural tissue located in the central regionof the brain stem from the medulla to the diencephalon. Complex with dendritic and axonal processes. Superior colliculus: protrusions on top of the midbrain; part of the visual system Inferior colliculus: protrusions on top of the midbrain; part of the auditory system Substantia nigra: a darkly stained region of the tegmentum that contains neurons that communicate with the caudate nucleus and putamen in the basal ganglia Periaqueductal grey matter: the region of the midbrain surroundings the cerebral aqueduct; contains neural; circuits involved in species-typical behaviors. Descending inhibition of pain.o Hindbrain (brainstem)  Surrounds the 4th ventricle, consists of 2 major divisions: the metencephalon andthe myelencephalon Cerebellum: a major part of the brain located in the dorsal pons “little brain,” important component of motor system. Posture, balance, coordination,