ANTH 1102 Exam 4 Study Guide broad spectrum revolution period beginning around 15 000 B P in the Middle East and 12 000 B P in Europe during which a wider range or broader spectrum of plant and animal life was hunted gathered collected caught and fished revolutionary because it led to food production hilly flanks Woodland zone that flanks the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to the north zone of wild wheat and barley and of sedentism settled nonmigratory life preceding food production maize corn manioc cassava a tuber domesticated in the South American lowlands Mesoamerica Middle America including Mexico Guatemala and Belize Mesolithic Middle Stone Age whose characteristic tool type was the microlith broad spectrum community Natufians widespread Middle Eastern culture dated to between 12 500 and 10 500 B P subsisted on intensive wild cereal collecting and gazelle hunting and had year round villages Neolithic Revolution shift from hunting and gathering to agriculture leading to permanent settlements Neolithic sedentism process of settling down result from ability to grow sustain crops for food teosinte or teocentli a wild grass apparent ancestor of maize affinals kinship by marriage no blood relationship ambilineal principle of descent that does not automatically exclude the children of either sons or daughters bifurcate collateral kinship terminology kinship terminology employing separate terms for M F MB MZ FB FZ bifurcate merging kinship terminology kinship terminology in which M and MZ are called by the same term F and FB are called by the same term and MB and FZ are called by different terms bilateral kinship calculation a system in which kinship ties are calculated equally through both sexes mother and father sister and brother daughter and son and so on clan unilineal descent group based on stipulated descent collateral relative a genealogical relative who is not in ego s direct line such as B Z FB or MZ descent group a permanent social unit whose members claim common ancestry fundamental to tribal society ego Latin for I In kinship charts the point from which one views an egocentric genealogy extended family household expanded household including three or more generations family of orientation nuclear family in which one is born and grows up family of procreation nuclear family established when one marries and has children functional explanation explanation that establishes a correlation or interrelationship between social customs When customs are functionally interrelated if one changes the others also change genealogical kin type terms to describe one s line of descent mother father child etc generational kinship terminology kinship terminology with only two terms for the parental generation one designating M MZ and FZ and the other designating F FB and MB kinship calculation the system by which people in a particular society reckon kin relationships lineage unilineal descent group based on demonstrated descent lineal kinship terminology parental generation kin terminology with four terms one for M one for F one for FB and MB and one for MZ and FZ lineal relative any of ego s ancestors or descendants e g parents grandparents children grandchildren on the direct line of descent that lead to and from ego matrilocal residence married couple moves into the family of the wife neolocality postmarital residence pattern in which a couple establishes a new place of residence rather than living with or near either set of parents unilineal descent matrilineal or Patrilineal descent biological paternity fathering a child created by one s dna bridewealth lobola payment made by the groom to the bride s family to confirm marriage cross cousin children of a brother and a sister divorce legal termination of a marriage dowry a marital exchange in which he wife s group provides substantial gifts to the husband s family endogamy rule or practice of marriage between people of the same social group exogamy rule requiring people to marry outside their own group homogamy marrying someone of similar background incest sexual relations with a close relative lineal in a direct line of descent or ancestry marriage socially recognized union between individuals that changes their status connects descent groups establishes legal parenthood and creates joint property matrilineage descent traced through one s mother and maternal ancestors matrilineal descent unilineal descent rule in which people join the other s group automatically at birth and stay members throughout life moieties one of two units into which a tribe is divided based on unilineal descent parallel cousin children of two brothers or two sisters patrilineage descent traced through one s father and paternal ancestors patrilineal descent unilineal descent rule in which people join the father s group automatically at birth and stay members throughout life patrilocal residence married couple moves into the family of the husband plural marriage any marriage with more than two spouses polyandry variety of plural marriage in which a woman has more than one husband polygamy having multiple spouses simultaneously polygyny variety of plural marriage in which a man has more than one wife social paternity fathering a child that does not have one s dna common in polyandrous marriage animism belief in souls or doubles antimodernism the rejection of the modern in favor of what is perceived as an earlier purer and better way of life cargo cults postcolonial acculturative religious movements common in Melanesia that attempt to explain European domination and wealth and to achieve similar success magically by mimicking European behavior communitas intense community spirit a feeling of great social solidarity equality and togetherness characteristic of people experiencing liminality together contagious magic things once associated are able to affect each other when separated so that anything done to an object such as hair or a garment will affect its former owner cosmology a system often religious for imagining and understanding the universe fundamentalism advocating strict fidelity to a religion s presumed founding principles imitative magic attempts to control a situation by mimicking of the event leveling mechanism custom that brings standouts back in line with community norms liminality the in between phase of a passage rite magic using supernatural techniques to accomplish specific aims mana impersonal sacred force so named Melanesia and Polynesia