ANTH 1102Exam # 4 Study Guidebroad-spectrum revolution - period beginning around 15,000 B.P. in the Middle East and 12,000 B.P. in Europe, during which a wider range, or broader spectrum, of plant and animal life was hunted, gathered, collected, caught, and fished; revolutionary because it led to food production.hilly flanks- Woodland zone that flanks the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to the north; zone of wild wheat and barley and of sedentism (settled, nonmigratory life) preceding food production.maize- cornmanioc- cassava, a tuber domesticated in the South American lowlands.Mesoamerica- Middle America, including Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize.Mesolithic- Middle Stone Age, whose characteristic tool type was the microlith; broad-spectrumcommunityNatufians- widespread Middle Eastern culture, dated to between 12,500 and 10,500 B.P.; subsisted on intensive wild cereal collecting and gazelle hunting and had year-round villages.Neolithic Revolution- shift from hunting and gathering to agriculture, leading to permanent settlementsNeolithic sedentism- process of settling down; result from ability to grow/sustain crops for foodteosinte- or teocentli, a wild grass; apparent ancestor of maizeaffinals- kinship by marriage, no blood relationshipambilineal- principle of descent that does not automatically exclude the children of either sons or daughters.bifurcate collateral kinship terminology- kinship terminology employing separate terms for M,F, MB, MZ, FB, FZ.bifurcate merging kinship terminology- kinship terminology in which M and MZ are called by thesame term. F and FB are called by the same term, and MB and FZ are called by different terms.bilateral kinship calculation- a system in which kinship ties are calculated equally through both sexes: mother and father, sister and brother, daughter and son, and so on.clan - unilineal descent group based on stipulated descentcollateral relative- a genealogical relative who is not in ego’s direct line, such as B, Z, FB, or MZ.descent group- a permanent social unit whose members claim common ancestry; fundamental to tribal society.ego- Latin for I. In kinship charts, the point from which one views an egocentric genealogy.extended family household- expanded household including three or more generations.family of orientation- nuclear family in which one is born and grows up.family of procreation- nuclear family established when one marries and has children.functional explanation- explanation that establishes a correlation or interrelationship between social customs. When customs are functionally interrelated, if one changes, the others also change.genealogical kin type- terms to describe one’s line of descent (mother, father, child, etc)generational kinship terminology- kinship terminology with only two terms for the parental generation, one designating M, MZ, and FZ and the other designating F, FB, and MB.kinship calculation- the system by which people in a particular society reckon kin relationships.lineage- unilineal descent group based on demonstrated descentlineal kinship terminology- parental generation kin terminology with four terms: one for M, one for F, one for FB and MB, and one for MZ and FZ.lineal relative- any of ego’s ancestors or descendants (e.g. parents, grandparents, children, grandchildren) on the direct line of descent that lead to and from ego.matrilocal residence- married couple moves into the family of the wifeneolocality- postmarital residence pattern in which a couple establishes a new place of residence rather than living with or near either set of parents.unilineal descent- matrilineal or Patrilineal descentbiological paternity- fathering a child created by one’s dnabridewealth (lobola)- payment made by the groom to the bride’s family to confirm marriagecross cousin- children of a brother and a sister.divorce- legal termination of a marriagedowry- a marital exchange in which he wife’s group provides substantial gifts to the husband’s family.endogamy- rule or practice of marriage between people of the same social group.exogamy- rule requiring people to marry outside their own group.homogamy- marrying someone of similar background incest- sexual relations with a close relativelineal- in a direct line of descent or ancestrymarriage- socially recognized union between individuals that changes their status, connects descent groups, establishes legal parenthood, and creates joint propertymatrilineage- descent traced through one’s mother and maternal ancestorsmatrilineal descent- unilineal descent rule in which people join the other’s group automatically at birth and stay members throughout life.moieties- one of two units into which a tribe is divided based on unilineal descentparallel cousin- children of two brothers or two sisters.patrilineage- descent traced through one’s father and paternal ancestorspatrilineal descent- unilineal descent rule in which people join the father’s group automatically at birth and stay members throughout life.patrilocal residence- married couple moves into the family of the husbandplural marriage- any marriage with more than two spousespolyandry- variety of plural marriage in which a woman has more than one husband.polygamy- having multiple spouses simultaneouslypolygyny- variety of plural marriage in which a man has more than one wife.social paternity- fathering a child that does not have one’s dna; common in polyandrous marriageanimism- belief in souls or doublesantimodernism- the rejection of the modern in favor of what is perceived as an earlier, purer and better way of life.cargo cults- postcolonial, acculturative religious movements, common in Melanesia, that attempt to explain European domination and wealth and to achieve similar success magically bymimicking European behaviorcommunitas- intense community spirit, a feeling of great social solidarity, equality, and togetherness; characteristic of people experiencing liminality togethercontagious magic- things once associated are able to affect each other when separated so that anything done to an object (such as hair or a garment) will affect its former ownercosmology- a system, often religious, for imagining and understanding the universefundamentalism- advocating strict fidelity to a religion’s presumed founding principlesimitative magic- attempts to control a situation by mimicking of the eventleveling mechanism- custom that brings standouts back in line with community normsliminality- the in between phase of a