ANTH 1102 1st Edition Lecture 16Outline of Last LectureI. Origins of Modern Humans (continued)A. Neanderthal (continued)B. Hobbits of FloresOutline of Current LectureI. SubsistenceA. Patterns of Subsistencei. foragingii. Horticultureiii. Agricultureiv. Pastoralismv. industrialismB. Economic Principlesi. What motivates people in different culturesii. How economies are organized in different societiesCurrent LectureSubsistence: doing what is necessary to sustain human life (basic needs: food, clothing, shelter)Subfields of cultural anthropology involved in subsistence:- Economic anthropology: studies economic behavior as lived/practiced- Ecological anthropology: studies adaptation to environmentsPatterns of Subsistence- adaptive strategies- a group’s system of economic activity (extraction, production, exchange, storage, consumption)> foraging, horticulture, agriculture, pastoralism, industrialismForaging: hunting and gathering- hunter gatherers: mobile, rely on natural resources, band societies (less than100), kinship social organization, flexible, egalitarian social systems; e.g. Inuit and San BushmenHorticulture: subsistence farming, simple tools, temporary fields (cut-and burn technique), shifting cultivation (clear land-> cut and burn vegetation-> crops sown-> minimal tending to crops-> harvest-> plot allowed to fallow to regenerate)- horticulturalists: sedentary to semi-sedentary, tribes and chiefdoms, kinship social organization, ranked social systems; e.g. The Bari (South Sudan) who keep domestic animals for food and investment (if little or no crops are yielded)Agriculture: intensive farming, more complex tools, domesticated animals, irrigation, terracing, pest elimination, mechanized, costs/benefits: lower yield and more dependable, specialized- farmers: permanently sedentary- cultivation continuum: horticulture-> industrial agriculturePastoralism: subsistence herders (breed and manage domesticated grazing animals)- mobile (pastoral nomadism)- transhumanceIndustrialism: industrial production (factory production, capitalism, socialism)- modes of production: economies (systems of producing, distributing, consuming) balancing demand, supply, and needs (culturally specific); industrial vs. non-industrial- means of production: land, labor, technology- industrial society: not owned by laborers, more specialized, less connected (I.e. alienation from production)- non-industrial societies: owned and organized by kin groups, less specialized, more closely connected- division of economic labor according to age and gender, e.g. Betsileo of Madagascar- two stages of rice cultivationEconomic Principles- What motivates people in different cultures? > Classic Western Economic Theory: industrial societies-> economizing (rational allocation of scarce resources to particular use) and maximizing (trying to gain the largest margin of individual profit)non-industrial societies-> alternative ends: subsistence funds, replacement funds(necessary non-food items), social funds (help family or social groups), ceremonial funds(spiritual), rent funds (resources rendered to politically/economically superior agency)- How are economies organized in different societies?>Distribution of Exchange (organization of economies)- Three exchange systems1. Market Principle: goods and services exchanged at standardizedvalue (esp. seen in Europe and America)2. Redistribution: centrally redistributed goods throughout a community-> chiefdoms, big-man societies, (esp. in the South Pacific)3. Reciprocity: exchange goods and service; three types…> generalized: unequal (one party gives, but may not receive)> balanced: equal (both parties give and receive of equivalent value)> negative: one-sided- Coexistence of exchange principles reflects social connections> Non-industrial redistribution pot latching: festive event, NW coast of N. America, big community celebration where leaders offer gifts to everyone- person who gives the most has the highest status, conspicuous