ANTH 1102 1st Edition Lecture 16 Outline of Last Lecture I Origins of Modern Humans continued A Neanderthal continued B Hobbits of Flores Outline of Current Lecture I Subsistence A Patterns of Subsistence i foraging ii Horticulture iii Agriculture iv Pastoralism v industrialism B Economic Principles i What motivates people in different cultures ii How economies are organized in different societies Current Lecture Subsistence doing what is necessary to sustain human life basic needs food clothing shelter Subfields of cultural anthropology involved in subsistence Economic anthropology studies economic behavior as lived practiced Ecological anthropology studies adaptation to environments Patterns of Subsistence adaptive strategies a group s system of economic activity extraction production exchange storage consumption foraging horticulture agriculture pastoralism industrialism Foraging hunting and gathering hunter gatherers mobile rely on natural resources band societies less than 100 kinship social organization flexible egalitarian social systems e g Inuit and San Bushmen Horticulture subsistence farming simple tools temporary fields cut and burn technique shifting cultivation clear land cut and burn vegetation crops sown minimal tending to crops harvest plot allowed to fallow to regenerate horticulturalists sedentary to semi sedentary tribes and chiefdoms kinship social organization ranked social systems e g The Bari South Sudan who keep domestic animals for food and investment if little or no crops are yielded Agriculture intensive farming more complex tools domesticated animals irrigation terracing pest elimination mechanized costs benefits lower yield and more dependable specialized farmers permanently sedentary cultivation continuum horticulture industrial agriculture Pastoralism subsistence herders breed and manage domesticated grazing animals mobile pastoral nomadism transhumance Industrialism industrial production factory production capitalism socialism modes of production economies systems of producing distributing consuming balancing demand supply and needs culturally specific industrial vs nonindustrial means of production land labor technology industrial society not owned by laborers more specialized less connected I e alienation from production non industrial societies owned and organized by kin groups less specialized more closely connected division of economic labor according to age and gender e g Betsileo of Madagascar two stages of rice cultivation Economic Principles What motivates people in different cultures Classic Western Economic Theory industrial societies economizing rational allocation of scarce resources to particular use and maximizing trying to gain the largest margin of individual profit non industrial societies alternative ends subsistence funds replacement funds necessary non food items social funds help family or social groups ceremonial funds spiritual rent funds resources rendered to politically economically superior agency How are economies organized in different societies Distribution of Exchange organization of economies Three exchange systems 1 Market Principle goods and services exchanged at standardized value esp seen in Europe and America 2 Redistribution centrally redistributed goods throughout a community chiefdoms big man societies esp in the South Pacific 3 Reciprocity exchange goods and service three types generalized unequal one party gives but may not receive balanced equal both parties give and receive of equivalent value negative one sided Coexistence of exchange principles reflects social connections Non industrial redistribution pot latching festive event NW coast of N America big community celebration where leaders offer gifts to everyone person who gives the most has the highest status conspicuous consumption