ANTH1102 1st EditionLecture 6Outline of Last Lecture I. SociolinguisticsA. Linguistic DiversityB. Gender-Speech ContrastsC. Status PositionD. Prestige vs. StigmaE. Black English VernacularOutline of Current Lecture I. Linguistics (continued) A. Historical Linguistics II. GenderA. Forms of IdentityB. Sex and GenderC. Cultural DifferencesD. Gender Identity and AgeE. Gender Segregation: Private-Public DichotomyF. Conditions for Gender Stratification…G. Spread of Women’s and Human RightsH. Industrial SocietiesI. Feminization of PovertyJ. How Many Genders?Current LectureHistorical Linguistics- deals with long term change- reconstructs features of past languages by studying daughter languages> daughter language= descend from same parent language> proto-language= parent language> e.g. Latin-> French, Spanish, Portuguese; Proto-Germanic-> English, Dutch, German, Scandinavian languages> dialects can become daughter languages- The Great Austronesian Migration> scientists could trace how and where people moved (from a common region) by comparing similar languages dispersed in different regions- Linguistic diversity due to less contact between cultures, but more dominant languages as people traveled and were taught- endangered language- few speakers left, not teaching it to childrenGENDERFluidity of identity- multiple identities- context- specific: “style shifting”- relative (exists in opposition)- identity= culture (inclusion/exclusion)Forms of Identity- ethnicity, nationality, religion, class, subculture, kinship, occupation/roles, genderSex and Gender- biological vs. cultural- biological differences-> chromosomes Female: XX, Male: XY> hormonal and physiological- sexual dimorphism= different in male and female biology, beyond primary and secondary sexual characteristics> primary: genitalia, secondary: breasts, voice, hair distributionCultural Differences- gender roles: tasks/activities culture assigns to sexes- gender stereotypes: oversimplified but strongly held ideas about characteristics of M/F- gender stratification: socially valued resources, power, prestige, human rights, and personal freedom; unequal distribution of rewards between men and women, reflecting different positions in social hierarchyGender Identity and Age- women aging- negative, less valued- men aging- more powerful, respectful- people happy in youth, less happy in middle age, and happiest in old ageGender Segregation: Private- Public Dichotomy- public life= more prestige- less separation-> greater gender equality- gender stratification> trait of society > not simply a reflection of individual differences> carries over from generation to generation> universal but variable> involves not just inequality but beliefs as wellConditions for Gender Stratification in Systems of Social Organization- Matriarchy vs. Patriarchy> Matriarchal-Matrilineal societies- trace heritage through women, married man and woman move into woman’s family household- all through women: descent group membership, succession to political positions, overall social identity, control of land and inheritance- the woman’s brother makes many decisions, so not true matriarchy> Patrilineal- Patrilocal societies- trace heritage through men, married man and woman move into man’s family household- men-> public domain, women-> private domain- female avoidance because being around them is considered polluting- Patriarchy and Violence > rural North India> matrilineal-paralegal complex, warfare, inner-village raiding, dowry, murder/female infanticide> violence against women across India-> national campaign for human rightsSpread of Women’s and Human Rights- increased laws and mediating institutions to protect individual rights- Brazil’s female-run police stations for battered women- shelters for victims of sexual abuse in US and CanadaIndustrial Societies- women contributed to work effort in WWII-> Rosie the Riveter- WWI and WWII> work outside the home= women’s patriotic duty> women no longer seemed biologically unfit for labor- inflation and culture of consumption- more women needed in workforce- baby boom and industrial expansion- contemporary women’s movement- divorce rates higher- US women’s movement: expanded work opportunities, goal of equal pay for equal work, higher percentage of women in workforceFeminization of Poverty- increasing representation of women and their children among America’s poorest people- single moms poorer than single dads- single mom families= half of all households in povertyHow Many Genders?- genders= socially constructed- societies may recognize less than 1 gender- Masculine and Feminine> not absolute> not binary categories- transgender- may/may not contrast biologically with biological males and females> intersex- previously hermaphroditism (Hermes and Aphrodite)- biological contrast sometimes- no fixed gender role