ANTH1102 1st Edition Lecture 6 Outline of Last Lecture I Sociolinguistics A Linguistic Diversity B Gender Speech Contrasts C Status Position D Prestige vs Stigma E Black English Vernacular Outline of Current Lecture I Linguistics continued A Historical Linguistics II Gender A Forms of Identity B Sex and Gender C Cultural Differences D Gender Identity and Age E Gender Segregation Private Public Dichotomy F Conditions for Gender Stratification G Spread of Women s and Human Rights H Industrial Societies I Feminization of Poverty J How Many Genders Current Lecture Historical Linguistics deals with long term change reconstructs features of past languages by studying daughter languages daughter language descend from same parent language proto language parent language e g Latin French Spanish Portuguese Proto Germanic English Dutch German Scandinavian languages dialects can become daughter languages The Great Austronesian Migration scientists could trace how and where people moved from a common region by comparing similar languages dispersed in different regions Linguistic diversity due to less contact between cultures but more dominant languages as people traveled and were taught endangered language few speakers left not teaching it to children GENDER Fluidity of identity multiple identities context specific style shifting relative exists in opposition identity culture inclusion exclusion Forms of Identity ethnicity nationality religion class subculture kinship occupation roles gender Sex and Gender biological vs cultural biological differences chromosomes Female XX Male XY hormonal and physiological sexual dimorphism different in male and female biology beyond primary and secondary sexual characteristics primary genitalia secondary breasts voice hair distribution Cultural Differences gender roles tasks activities culture assigns to sexes gender stereotypes oversimplified but strongly held ideas about characteristics of M F gender stratification socially valued resources power prestige human rights and personal freedom unequal distribution of rewards between men and women reflecting different positions in social hierarchy Gender Identity and Age women aging negative less valued men aging more powerful respectful people happy in youth less happy in middle age and happiest in old age Gender Segregation Private Public Dichotomy public life more prestige less separation greater gender equality gender stratification trait of society not simply a reflection of individual differences carries over from generation to generation universal but variable involves not just inequality but beliefs as well Conditions for Gender Stratification in Systems of Social Organization Matriarchy vs Patriarchy Matriarchal Matrilineal societies trace heritage through women married man and woman move into woman s family household all through women descent group membership succession to political positions overall social identity control of land and inheritance the woman s brother makes many decisions so not true matriarchy Patrilineal Patrilocal societies trace heritage through men married man and woman move into man s family household men public domain women private domain female avoidance because being around them is considered polluting Patriarchy and Violence rural North India matrilineal paralegal complex warfare inner village raiding dowry murder female infanticide violence against women across India national campaign for human rights Spread of Women s and Human Rights increased laws and mediating institutions to protect individual rights Brazil s female run police stations for battered women shelters for victims of sexual abuse in US and Canada Industrial Societies women contributed to work effort in WWII Rosie the Riveter WWI and WWII work outside the home women s patriotic duty women no longer seemed biologically unfit for labor inflation and culture of consumption more women needed in workforce baby boom and industrial expansion contemporary women s movement divorce rates higher US women s movement expanded work opportunities goal of equal pay for equal work higher percentage of women in workforce Feminization of Poverty increasing representation of women and their children among America s poorest people single moms poorer than single dads single mom families half of all households in poverty How Many Genders genders socially constructed societies may recognize less than 1 gender Masculine and Feminine not absolute not binary categories transgender may may not contrast biologically with biological males and females intersex previously hermaphroditism Hermes and Aphrodite biological contrast sometimes no fixed gender role conformity