ANTH1102 Exam 3 Study Guide apes The great apes are orangutans gorillas and chimpanzees Apes tend to live longer than monkeys and other primates Tendency toward upright posture Brain is larger The muzzle or face is shorter and less projecting No Tails ape groups families Gibbons Smallest of the apes Spend most of their time just below the forest canopy Use longer arms for balance and occasionally walk erect preeminent arboreal specialists among apes eat fruits with occasional insects and small animals tend to live in primary groups composed of a permanently bonded male and female and their preadolescent offspring Orangutans Sexual Dimorphism Males weigh twice as much as females Intermediate in size between chimps and gorillas Typically climb rather than swing through trees Least sociable of the apes 90 live in indonesia fruit bark leaves insects Gorillas Show marked sexual dimorphism move through jungle undergrowth eating mostly leaves bark fruit and other vegetation live in troops fairly stable memberships 10 20 gorillas per troop multiple males females and offspring each troop has a silverback male usually only breeding male in the troop Spend less time in trees because they are fat Sleep in nests 10 feet off ground Chimpanzees live in tropical Africa Omnivorous adding animal protein by capturing mammals birds eggs and insects Less sexual dimorphism Very vocal and social lighter in weight and more arboreal than gorillas Bonobos Forests and swamp forests of Central Africa Part of the Lesser Apes Hylobates family Sharped nosed use sex to avoid conflict Arboreal Theory Primates evolved from their ancestors by adapting to life in trees Anthropoids 1 of 2 Primate suborders as opposed to prosimians Ancestral to monkeys apes and humans which constitute suborder Anthropoidea Appeared around 50 million years ago Behavioral Ecology Studies the evolutionary basis of social behavior assumes that genetic features of any species reflect long history of differential reproductive success Brachiation Shoulder joints that fully rotate for hand over hand swinging in trees ex gibbons cladogram of primate evolution leading to humans Gigantopithecus Eurasian ape Largest primate 10 ft tall 1 200 lbs Lived from later Miocene overlapped with humans Ischial Callosities A characteristic of Old World Monkeys Callus skin i e they can sleep upright in trees Non human Primates We study them to learn about human macroevolution to understand fossil primates and for primate conservation Monkey Groups infraorders Platyrrhines new world monkeys flat nosed Prehensile grasping tails that may or may not act like a hand Catarrhines old world monkeys sharp nosed Old World Monkeys apes and humans are more closely related to each other than to New World Monkeys Rough patches of ass skin for sitting on rocks n shit Categorized by Sexual Dimorphism Marked differences in male and female anatomy and temperament opposable thumb When your thumb is able to touch all of your fingers Old world monkeys and humans have this ability phylogeny genetic relatedness based on common ancestry prehensile tail grasping sometimes with tactile skin primate examples e g spider monkey aye aye drill bonobo etc primate tendencies characteristics Grasping Thumb operation opposable thumbs Smell to Sight Stereoscopic eye sight Ability to see in depth Nose to hand Main touch organ is hand as opposed to whiskers near nose Brain Complexity Portion of brain tissue concerned with memory thought and association is increased Parental Investment Single offspring growing primates receive more parental attention Sociality primatology The study of nonhuman primates prosimians Type of primate that include lemurs lorises bushbabies and tarisiers Diets sleep patterns and living area underground or in trees vary widely stereoscopic vision front facing eyes depth perception tapetum lucidum Exhibit eyeshine because they have a reflective layer of tissue in the eye Ardipithecus The earliest widely accepted hominin genus Indicated the capacity for bipedal walking on two feet locomotion austrolopithecines A afarensis A bipedal hominin that lived more than 3million years ago Cranial capacity that barely passed the chimp average Skull shape similar to Chimpanzee A Anamensis Earliest known Australopithecus species 4 2 3 9 m y a Kenya A boisei Late hyper robust Australopithecus species 2 6 1 2 m y a East Africa A garhi Tool making Australopithecus species 2 6 m y a Ethiopia A robustus a k a Paranthropus robust Australopithecus species 2 0 1 0 m y a South Africa Gracile e g A africanus less robust i e smaller and slighter than A robustus Homo habilis Earliest 2 4 1 4 m y a member of genus Homo Oldowan Earliest 2 6 1 2 m y a stone tools sharp flakes struck from cores choppers Robust e g A robustus and A boisei large strong sturdy bones muscles and teeth Chapter 9 Acheulian Lower Paleolithic tool tradition associated with H erectus AMHs Anatomically modern humans e g Cro Magnon Skhul Qafzeh Archaic H sapiens Early H sapiens 300 000 28 000 B P includes Neanderthals B P Years Before Present Glacials Major advances of continental ice sheets in Europe and North America Interglacials Extended warm periods between glacials Mousterian Middle Paleolithic tool tradition associated with Neanderthals Neanderthals Archaic H sapiens group inhabiting Europe and the Middle East from 130 00028 000 B P Paleolithic Old Stone Age including Lower early Middle and Upper late Pleistocene Main epoch 1 8 m y a 11 000 B P of evolution of Homo Homo habilis A term coined to describe the earliest members of the genus homo Hominin vs Hominid Hominin is used to designate the human line after its split from ancestral chimps Hominid refers to the taxonomic family that includes humans and African apes and their immediate ancestors Homo erectus Another form of early Homo which appears to have lived contemporaneously bwetween 1 9 and 1 4 m y a Also be able to fit Homo erectus Homo floresiensis Robust australopthicines Sahelanthropus tchadensis Lucy Old Man of La Chapelle Neanderthal and Nariokotome Boy into the timeline of evolution Behavioral Modernity Fully human behavior based on symbolic thought and cultural creativity Blade tool Basic Upper Paleolithic tool hammered off a prepared core Clovis tradition Early American tool tradition projectile point attached to hunting spear Cro Magnon The first fossil find 1868 of an AMH from France s Dordogne Valley Haplogroup A lineage marked by one or more specific