ANTH1102Exam # 3 Study Guide apes● The great apes are orangutans, gorillas, and chimpanzees● Apes tend to live longer than monkeys and other primates ● Tendency toward upright posture● Brain is larger● The muzzle or face is shorter and less projecting● No Tailsape groups (families)● Gibbons○ Smallest of the apes○ Spend most of their time just below the forest canopy○ Use longer arms for balance and occasionally walk erect○ preeminent arboreal specialists among apes○ eat fruits with occasional insects and small animals○ tend to live in primary groups■ composed of a permanently bonded male and female and their preadolescent offspring● Orangutans○ Sexual Dimorphism○ Males weigh twice as much as females■ Intermediate in size between chimps and gorillas■ Typically climb rather than swing through trees○ Least sociable of the apes○ 90% live in indonesia○ fruit, bark, leaves, insects● Gorillas○ Show marked sexual dimorphism○ move through jungle undergrowth eating mostly leaves, bark, fruit and other vegetation○ live in troops ■ fairly stable memberships■ 10-20 gorillas per troop (multiple males, females and offspring)■ each troop has a silverback male (usually only breeding male in the troop)○ Spend less time in trees because they are fat ■ Sleep in nests 10 feet off ground● Chimpanzees○ live in tropical Africa○ Omnivorous, adding animal protein by capturing mammals, birds eggs, and insects ○ Less sexual dimorphism○ Very vocal and social○ lighter in weight and more arboreal than gorillas● Bonobos○ Forests and swamp forests of Central Africa○ Part of the Lesser Apes: Hylobates family ○ Sharped-nosed○ use sex to avoid conflictArboreal Theory● Primates evolved from their ancestors by adapting to life in treesAnthropoids● 1 of 2 Primate suborders, as opposed to prosimians● Ancestral to monkeys, apes, and humans which constitute suborder Anthropoidea● Appeared around 50 million years agoBehavioral Ecology● Studies the evolutionary basis of social behavior● assumes that genetic features of any species reflect long history of differential reproductive successBrachiation● Shoulder joints that fully rotate; for hand over hand swinging in trees (ex. gibbons)cladogram of primate evolution leading to humansGigantopithecus● Eurasian ape● Largest primate: 10 ft. tall, 1,200 lbs.● Lived from later Miocene, overlapped with humansIschial Callosities● A characteristic of Old World Monkeys● Callus skin i.e. they can sleep upright in trees Non-human Primates● We study them to learn about human macroevolution, to understand fossil primates,and for primate conservationMonkey Groups (infraorders)● Platyrrhines- new world monkeys, flat nosed○ Prehensile (grasping tails) that may or may not act like a hand● Catarrhines- old world monkeys, sharp nosed○ Old World Monkeys, apes, and humans are more closely related to each other than to New World Monkeys○ Rough patches of ass skin for sitting on rocks n shit○ Categorized by Sexual Dimorphism■ Marked differences in male and female anatomy and temperamentopposable thumb● When your thumb is able to touch all of your fingers● Old world monkeys and humans have this abilityphylogeny- ● genetic relatedness based on common ancestryprehensile tail- ● grasping (sometimes with tactile skin)primate examples (e.g. spider monkey, aye-aye, drill, bonobo, etc.)primate tendencies/characteristics● Grasping (Thumb operation/ opposable thumbs)● Smell to Sight○ Stereoscopic eye-sight (Ability to see in depth)● Nose to hand○ Main touch organ is hand as opposed to whiskers near nose● Brain Complexity○ Portion of brain tissue concerned with memory, thought, and association is increased● Parental Investment○ Single offspring - growing primates receive more parental attention● Socialityprimatology● The study of nonhuman primatesprosimians● Type of primate that include lemurs, lorises, bushbabies, and tarisiers● Diets, sleep patterns, and living area (underground or in trees) vary widely stereoscopic vision- ● front facing eyes; depth perceptiontapetum lucidum: ● Exhibit eyeshine because they have a reflective layer of tissue in the eyeArdipithecus-● The earliest widely accepted hominin genus. ● Indicated the capacity for bipedal (walking on two feet) locomotion. austrolopithecines● A. afarensis○ A bipedal hominin that lived more than 3million years ago○ Cranial capacity that barely passed the chimp average○ Skull shape similar to Chimpanzee A. Anamensis: Earliest known Australopithecus species (4.2-3.9 m.y.a.), Kenya.A. boisei: Late, hyper-robust Australopithecus species (2.6-1.2 m.y.a.), East AfricaA. garhi: Tool-making Australopithecus species (2.6 m.y.a.), Ethiopia.A. robustus: a.k.a. Paranthropus; robust Australopithecus species (2.0?-1.0? m.y.a.), South Africa.Gracile: e.g., A. africanus; less robust, i.e., smaller and slighter, than A. robustus.Homo habilis: Earliest (2.4?-1.4? m.y.a.) member of genus Homo.Oldowan: Earliest (2.6-1.2 m.y.a.) stone tools; sharp flakes struck from cores (choppers).Robust: e.g., A. robustus and A. boisei; large, strong, sturdy bones, muscles, and teeth.Chapter 9Acheulian: Lower Paleolithic tool tradition associated with H. erectus.AMHs: Anatomically modern humans; e.g., Cro Magnon, Skhul, Qafzeh.Archaic H. sapiens: Early H. sapiens (300,000-28,000 B.P.); includes Neanderthals.B.P.: Years Before Present.Glacials: Major advances of continental ice sheets in Europe and North America.Interglacials: Extended warm periods between glacials.Mousterian: Middle Paleolithic tool tradition associated with Neanderthals.Neanderthals: Archaic H. sapiens group inhabiting Europe and the Middle East from 130,000-28,000 B.P.Paleolithic: Old Stone Age, including Lower (early), Middle, and Upper (late).Pleistocene: Main epoch (1.8 m.y.a.-11,000 B.P.) of evolution of Homo.Homo habilis● A term coined to describe the earliest members of the genus homo Hominin vs Hominid● Hominin is used to designate the human line after its split from ancestral chimps● Hominid refers to the taxonomic family that includes humans and African apes and their immediate ancestorsHomo erectus● Another form of early Homo which appears to have lived contemporaneously bwetween1.9 and 1.4 m.y.a.Also: be able to fit Homo erectus, Homo floresiensis, Robust australopthicines, Sahelanthropus tchadensis Lucy, Old Man of La