ANTH1102 1st EditionLecture 17Outline of Last Lecture I. SubsistenceA. Patterns of Subsistencei. foragingii. Horticultureiii. Agricultureiv. Pastoralismv. industrialismB. Economic Principlesi. What motivates people in different culturesii. How economies are organized in different societiesOutline of Current LectureI. ReligionA. Types of Religioni. Shamanicii. Communaliii. Eccleciastical/Olympianiv. MonotheisticB. Expressions of ReligionCurrent LectureReligion- shared community beliefs & rituals concerned with supernatural beings, power, forces- cultural universal- several purposes: maintain social order, explain the unexplainable, provide cultural cohesion- communitas, gives context for daily experiencesTypes of Religion- shamanic- shamans mediate between the supernatural and humans; common in foraging and horticulture societies- communal- involve shamanism, community rituals, and multiple nature gods; also common in foraging and horticulture- ecclesiastical- established church and hierarchy of officials- olympian- pantheon of gods with full-time religious specialists; e.g. classicalGreek religion; found in nation-states- monotheistic- belief in single omnipotent deity with full-time religious specialistsExpressions of Religions- animism- belief in souls/spirits, e.g. Confucian religion belief in altars for the dead- powers and forces- supernatural impersonal force, e.g. Melanesian Mana- magic- supernatural techniques intended for specific aims> imitative, e.g. voodoo> contagious, i.e. whatever object is connected to a person (such as hair), no matter where it goes or what happens to it, the person will still be affected> practical (control the uncontrollable), e.g. fishermen engage in certain magic acts to ensure positive outcome while fishing and trading > rituals- stylized, repetitive, shared social practice set off from everyday routine; social acts-> liturgical orders (e.g. plays, sports games), rites of passage- mark important stages of life (separation, liminality, return to society with different identity), e.g. having first child or going to college and graduating- totemism- cosmological belief system-> nature is the model for society> totems: animals, plants, geological features> believe people descend from and are connected through a mythologicalforce/being; creates group
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