ANTH1102 1st EditionLecture 12Outline of Last Lecture I. Evolution continuedII. Human Variation and AdaptationA. Human Biological Diversityi. Skin Colorii. Blood Type and Diseaseiii. AdaptationB. Allen and Bergman’s RulesC. High Altitude: Biological vs. Cultural AdaptationOutline of Current LectureI. Allen and Bergman’s Rules continued (adaptation)II. Why Anthropologists Study Non-Human PrimatesA. ReasonsB. Origins of the Human SpeciesC. Tendencies (of Primates)Current LectureAllen and Bergman’s Rules [about adaptation] (continued)- Humans can adapt to changing conditions by modifying biological responses (e.g. Quechua and Sherpa) and learned behavior (cultural adaptations).- genetic markers phenotype> 94% of genetic diversity occurs within a group, 4% across “races”/ethnicities- Changes in environment lead to phenotype variation within a population without genetic change, e.g. Boaz study of skull forms in European immigrant children (diet induced changes) 1940-1966.- Genetic mutations provide genetic material from which environmentally advantageous phenotypes arise, irrespective of need.- Natural selection can select for phenotypic traits for reproductive success.- Gene flow and genetic drift shift geological patterns by redistributing alleles across populations (-> changes in allele frequencies)Why Anthropologists Study Non-Human Primates- to learn about human macroevolution and speciation> phylogenetic interference> phylogeny: genetic relatedness based on common ancestry> phylogenetics: study of evolutionary relationships by molecular sequencing data and morphological data matrices> clade: a group consisting of an ancestor and its descendents- to understand fossil primates- to further primate conservation> human resource decisions have a direct effect - Origins of the Human Species: Our Place Among Primates> define adaptations and speciation by using:- homologies: traits inherited from a common ancestor- NOT analogies: adaptive traits due to convergent evolution- Tendencies> grasping hands (sometimes feet)- nails instead of claws, opposable thumbs, bipedal> smell to sight (brain changes)- stereoscopic vision (depth), color vision> nose to hand- tactile organs (sensitive pads of “finger print”
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